Abstract

We present an updated survey of the Amphipoda that live in association with sea anemones. These amphipods can be divided into four groups: 1) symbiotic amphipods using sea anemones mainly for protection, but feeding largely independently; 2) amphipods feeding on sea anemones, but not permanently associated; 3) symbiotic amphipods living permanently among the tentacles of the sea anemones; and 4) symbiotic amphipods living permanently in the gastrovascular cavity of the sea anemones. Contrary to previous speculations, it appears that the amphipods in groups 3 and 4 mainly feed on host tissue, and the anemone-eating amphipods can therefore generally be classified as micropredators (group 2), ectoparasites (group 3), and almost endoparasites (especially those species in group 4 that spend their entire life cycle inside their hosts).Although the associates in the latter two groups show various minor morphological, reproductive, and physiological adaptations to the symbiosis, these associations evolved many times independently. We provide new information on feeding ecology and a discussion of the evolution of these associations.

中文翻译：

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两栖动物和海葵，更新

摘要

我们提出了与海葵生活在一起的两栖动物的最新调查。这些两栖类动物可分为四类：1）共生两栖类动物，主要使用海葵作为保护，但主要独立饲养。2）以海葵为食的两栖类动物，但不是永久性的；3）永久生活在海葵触角之间的共生双足纲动物；4）永久生活在海葵胃血管腔内的共生双足纲动物。与以前的推测相反，第3和第4组中的两栖类动物似乎主要以宿主组织为食，因此，食用海葵的两栖类动物通常可分为微捕食者（第2组），外寄生虫（第3组）和几乎内寄生虫（特别是内寄生虫）。第4组中在其宿主内度过整个生命周期的物种）。尽管后两组的同伴对共生表现出各种次要的形态，生殖和生理适应性，但这些联系独立地发展了许多次。我们提供有关饲料生态学的新信息，并讨论这些协会的演变。