DARK Classics in Chemical Neuroscience: Krokodil.,ACS Chemical Neuroscience

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DARK Classics in Chemical Neuroscience: Krokodil.
ACS Chemical Neuroscience ( IF 4.1 ) Pub Date : 2020-09-02 , DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.0c00495
Emanuele Amorim Alves _{1,

2}

Affiliation

Krokodil is the street name for a homemade mixture that has been used as a cheap substitute for heroin. The main active substance in krokodil is desomorphine, an opioid that is 10 times more potent than morphine. Krokodil use began in Russia and Ukraine but has spread throughout several countries in Europe and North America. Krokodil is produced from codeine tablets in a bootleg reaction performed under clandestine and unsanitary conditions. The toxicity of krokodil is characterized by devastating symptoms that start as black ulcers at the injection site and evolve to gangrene and limb amputation. The dangerous effects of krokodil are associated with its homemade nature and lack of purification prior to use. In this review, we discuss the chemical and pharmacological properties and the metabolism of desomorphine, the preparation of krokodil, and how its homemade nature contributes to its toxicity. The synthesis of krokodil produces several other morphinans in addition to desomorphine that warrant further study as possible analgesic alternatives to morphine.

中文翻译：

化学神经科学中的黑暗经典：Krokodil。

Krokodil 是一种自制混合物的街道名称，已被用作海洛因的廉价替代品。鳄鱼地尔中的主要活性物质是去甲吗啡，一种比吗啡强 10 倍的阿片类药物。Krokodil 的使用始于俄罗斯和乌克兰，但已遍及欧洲和北美的多个国家。Krokodil 是在秘密和不卫生的条件下通过盗版反应从可待因片剂中生产出来的。鳄鱼地尔的毒性以破坏性症状为特征，这些症状从注射部位的黑色溃疡开始，然后演变成坏疽和肢体截肢。鳄鱼的危险影响与其自制性质和使用前缺乏净化有关。在这篇综述中，我们讨论了去甲吗啡的化学和药理特性以及代谢、鳄鱼地尔的制备、以及它的自制性质如何导致其毒性。除了去甲吗啡之外，鳄鱼地尔的合成还产生其他几种吗啡喃，值得进一步研究作为吗啡的可能镇痛替代品。

更新日期：2020-09-02

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