Obesity is an increasing global health epidemic that affects all ages, including women of reproductive age. During pregnancy, maternal obesity is associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes that lead to complications for the mother. In addition, maternal obesity can increase the risk of poor perinatal outcomes for the infant, due to altered development. Recent research has investigated the effects of maternal obesity on peripheral organ development and health in later life in her offspring. In this review, we have summarised studies that investigated the programming effects of maternal obesity before and during pregnancy on metabolic, cardiovascular, immune and microbiome perturbations in her offspring. Epidemiological studies investigating the effects of maternal obesity on offspring development can be complex due to other co-pathologies and genetic diversity. Animal studies have provided some insights into the specific mechanisms and pathways involved in programming peripheral disease risk. The effect of maternal obesity during pregnancy on offspring development are often sex-specific, with sex-specific changes in placental transport and function suggestive that this organ is likely to play a central role. We believe that this review will assist in facilitating future investigations regarding the underlying mechanisms that link maternal obesity and offspring disease risk in peripheral organs.

中文翻译：

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在怀孕期间暴露于母体肥胖的后代的周围疾病的发展规划。

肥胖症是一种日益严重的全球性健康流行病，影响到所有年龄段，包括育龄妇女。怀孕期间，孕妇肥胖与不良妊娠结局有关，导致母亲并发症。此外，由于发育改变，母亲肥胖会增加婴儿围产期预后不良的风险。最近的研究已经调查了孕妇肥胖对其后代的外周器官发育和健康的影响。在这篇综述中，我们总结了一些研究，这些研究调查了孕前和孕期孕妇肥胖对其后代的代谢，心血管，免疫和微生物组扰动的编程作用。由于其他共病和遗传多样性，调查孕产妇肥胖对后代发育影响的流行病学研究可能很复杂。动物研究为编程周围疾病风险的具体机制和途径提供了一些见识。孕妇孕期肥胖对后代发育的影响通常是性别特异性的，胎盘运输和功能的性别特异性变化表明该器官很可能发挥核心作用。我们认为，此次审查将有助于促进有关孕产妇肥胖与外围器官后代疾病风险之间联系的潜在机制的未来研究。孕妇孕期肥胖对后代发育的影响通常是性别特异性的，胎盘运输和功能的性别特异性变化表明该器官很可能发挥核心作用。我们认为，此次审查将有助于促进有关孕产妇肥胖与周围器官后代疾病风险之间联系的潜在机制的未来研究。孕妇孕期肥胖对后代发育的影响通常是性别特异性的，胎盘运输和功能的性别特异性变化表明该器官很可能发挥核心作用。我们认为，此次审查将有助于促进有关孕产妇肥胖与外围器官后代疾病风险之间联系的潜在机制的未来研究。