Combining no‐take marine reserves with exclusive access by communities to unreserved waters could provide the required incentives for community management to achieve positive impacts. However, few protected areas have been critically evaluated for their impact, which involves applying counterfactual thinking to predict conditions within protected areas if management had never occurred. Here, we use statistical matching to conduct a rigorous impact evaluation of dual management systems on coral reef fishes in Tonga, with communities having both full no‐take areas and areas of exclusive fishing rights. No‐take areas generally had positive impacts on the species richness, biomass, density, and size of target reef fish, while exclusive access areas were similar to predicted counterfactual conditions. The latter is likely because overall fishing pressure in exclusive access areas might not actually change, although more fish could be exploited by communities with access rights. Our findings suggest that dual management is effective at incentivizing effective community‐based no‐take areas for biodiversity conservation and resource management.

中文翻译：

---

社区管理对沿海渔业资源和生物多样性保护产生积极影响

将不带捕捞的海洋保护区与社区对未保护水域的专有访问权相结合，可以为社区管理取得积极影响提供必要的激励。但是，很少有人对保护区的影响进行过严格的评估，这涉及到如果从未进行过管理，则要运用反事实思维来预测保护区的状况。在这里，我们使用统计匹配对汤加的珊瑚礁鱼类双重管理系统进行了严格的影响评估，这些社区既有完全禁止捕捞的区域，又有专有捕鱼权的区域。禁渔区通常对目标礁鱼的物种丰富度，生物量，密度和大小产生积极影响，而专有捕捞区与预计的反事实条件相似。后者之所以可能是因为，尽管拥有通行权的社区可以利用更多的鱼类，但在专用通道区域的总体捕捞压力实际上可能不会改变。我们的研究结果表明，双重管理可以有效地激励有效的基于社区的禁止采食区，以进行生物多样性保护和资源管理。