Trains on railways collide with and kill wildlife, incurring economic costs for railway operators and impacting species of conservation concern. We proposed to address this problem with train-triggered warning signals, consisting of flashing lights and bell sounds emitted in the 30 s leading up to train arrival, that animals could learn to associate with train arrival. We installed our warning systems at four sites on an active railway where train-triggered cameras recorded the responses of animals to trains. We contrasted the observed flight initiation times when warning signals were active (treatment) and inactive (control) and when trains approached from straight versus curved track, predicting that animals would be more responsive to warning signals on curved approaches because those trains would be harder for animals to detect. When warning signals were provided, animals left the track earlier. For animals larger than and including coyotes (Canis latrans), flight responses were 62% earlier (17.0 s, $\mathrm{SE}=1.5$ vs. 10.5 s, $\mathrm{SE}=1.2$); smaller animals initiated flight responses 29% earlier (14.6 s, $\mathrm{SE}=1.9$ vs. 11.3 s, $\mathrm{SE}=1.6$). Contrary to our prediction, animals were more responsive to warning signals when trains approached from straightaways (large animals 10.3 s earlier for treatment, $\mathrm{SE}=2.6$; small animals 4.2 s earlier for treatment, $\mathrm{SE}=2.4$) than when trains approached from curves (large animals 2.7 s earlier for treatment, $\mathrm{SE}=2.8$; small animals 2.4 s earlier for treatment, $\mathrm{SE}=1.6$). Non-aversive warning systems could reduce train collisions by providing additional time for animals to adopt an effective escape trajectory.

铁路上的火车与野生动植物相撞并杀死野生动植物，给铁路运营商造成经济损失，并影响到保护物种。我们建议使用火车触发的警告信号来解决此问题，该警告信号包括在火车到达前30 s发出的闪烁的灯光和铃铛声，动物可以学会与火车的到达相关联。我们在一条活跃的铁路上的四个地点安装了警报系统，火车触发的摄像机记录了动物对火车的反应。我们对比了警告信号处于活动状态（治疗）和非活动状态（控制）时以及从直线轨道和弯道驶入的火车时观察到的飞行开始时间，并预测动物会对弯道警告信号产生更大的响应，因为这些训练对于动物来检测。当发出警告信号时，动物会更早离开赛道。对于大于土狼（包括土狼）的动物（Canis latrans），飞行响应提前了62％（17.0 s，$\mathrm{东南}=1.5$ 相比10.5 s， $\mathrm{东南}=1.2$）; 较小的动物提前29％（14.6 s，$\mathrm{东南}=1.9$ 相比11.3 s， $\mathrm{东南}=1.6$）。与我们的预测相反，当火车从直路驶来时，动物对警告信号的反应更加灵敏（大型动物早于治疗10.3 s，$\mathrm{东南}=2.6$; 早于治疗时间4.2 s的小动物，$\mathrm{东南}=2.4$）比火车从弯道驶近（大型动物要早2.7 s进行治疗， $\mathrm{东南}=2.8$; 提早治疗2.4秒的小动物，$\mathrm{东南}=1.6$）。非平均警告系统可以通过为动物提供额外的时间来采用有效的逃生轨迹，从而减少火车碰撞。