Disinfection of surfaces has been recommended as one of the most effective ways to combat the spread of novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) that causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). However, overexposure to disinfecting chemicals may lead to unintended human health risks. Here, using an indoor fate and chemical exposure model, we estimate human exposure to 22 disinfecting chemicals on the lists recommended by various governmental agencies against COVID-19, resulting from contact with disinfected surfaces and handwashing. Three near-field exposure routes, i.e., mouthing-mediated oral ingestion, inhalation, and dermal absorption, are considered to calculate the whole-body uptake doses and blood concentrations caused by single use per day for three age groups (3, 14, and 24-year-old). We also assess the health risks by comparing the predicted whole-body uptake doses with in vivo toxicological data and the predicted blood concentrations with in vitro bioactivity data. Our results indicate that both the total exposure and relative contribution of each exposure route vary considerably among the disinfecting chemicals due to their diverse physicochemical properties. 3-year-old children have consistent higher exposure than other age groups, especially in the scenario of contact with disinfected surfaces, due to their more frequent hand contact and mouthing activities. Due to the short duration of handwashing, we do not expect any health risk from the use of disinfecting chemicals in handwashing. In contrast, exposure from contact with disinfected surfaces may result in health risks for certain age groups especially children, even the surfaces are disinfected once a day. Interestingly, risk assessments based on whole-body uptake doses and in vivo toxicological data tend to give higher risk estimates than do those based on blood concentrations and in vitro bioactivity data. Our results reveal the most important exposure routes for disinfecting chemicals used in the indoor environment; they also highlight the need for more accurate data for both chemical properties and toxicity to better understand the risks associated with the increased use of disinfecting chemicals in the pandemic.

已建议将表面消毒作为对抗新型导致冠状病毒病2019（COVID-19）的新型冠状病毒（SARS-CoV-2）传播的最有效方法之一。但是，过度暴露于化学消毒剂可能会导致意外的人类健康风险。在这里，我们使用室内命运和化学物质暴露模型，根据与消毒表面的接触和洗手的结果，估算了各种政府机构针对COVID-19建议使用的清单上22种消毒化学物质对人体的暴露。考虑通过三种近场接触途径，即通过口腔介导的口服摄入，吸入和皮肤吸收，来计算三个年龄段（3、14和14岁）每天一次使用引起的全身摄取剂量和血药浓度。 24岁）。体内毒理学数据和体外预测的血药浓度生物活性数据。我们的结果表明，消毒化学品由于其不同的理化特性，它们的总暴露量和每种暴露途径的相对贡献都存在很大差异。3岁的儿童比其他年龄段的儿童具有更高的暴露水平，尤其是在接触消毒表面的情况下，因为他们更频繁地进行手接触和漱口活动。由于洗手时间短，我们预计洗手中使用消毒化学品不会对健康造成任何危害。相反，接触消毒的表面可能会导致某些年龄段的健康风险，尤其是儿童，甚至每天都要对表面进行一次消毒。有趣的是，基于全身摄取剂量和体内的风险评估与基于血药浓度和体外生物活性数据的毒理学数据相比，毒理学数据倾向于提供更高的风险估计。我们的结果揭示了对室内环境中使用的化学药品进行消毒的最重要的途径。他们还强调，需要获得有关化学性质和毒性的更准确数据，以便更好地了解与在大流行中增加使用消毒化学品有关的风险。