Plasmopara viticola is a plant pathogenic oomycete that causes downy mildew in grapevines. Shine Muscat, a hybrid grapevine cultivar of Vitis vinifera and V. labrascana produced in Japan, exhibits resistance to P. viticola. Transcriptome analyses were performed to elucidate the mechanism of defense against P. viticola infection in Shine Muscat. Using two sets of RNA seq data and V. vinifera genome information, transcriptome analyses reproducibly identified 269 and 55 grapevine genes that were upregulated and downregulated, respectively, in response to P. viticola infection. Gene ontology analysis of the differentially expressed genes suggested that Shine Muscat recognizes P. viticola invasion at the cell membrane, with subsequent transmission of signals into the cells to initiate a response. Furthermore, P. viticola–responsive paralogous genes were distributed among 8 clusters located on chromosomes 2, 5, 6, 9, 12, and 16 in the V. vinifera genome. These gene clusters encode PR5, PR10, dirigent protein, pleiotropic drug resistance protein, an uncharacterized protein, phenylalanine ammonia-lyase, ethylene-responsive transcription factor, and stilbene synthase, respectively. The gene cluster encoding ethylene-responsive transcription factor was downregulated by P. viticola infection, whereas the other 7 gene clusters were upregulated. With the exception of the gene cluster encoding the uncharacterized protein, the genes were associated with plant defense mechanisms, suggesting that synchronized transcription of these gene clusters plays an important role in the grapevine defense mechanism against P. viticola. This is the first study to identify multiple infection-responsive gene clusters in the grapevine genome.

葡萄绒单胞菌是一种植物病原体卵菌，可引起葡萄树霜霉病。闪耀马斯喀特，的混合葡萄栽培葡萄和V. labrascana在日本，为了表现出电阻产生P.葡萄生单轴霉。进行了转录组分析以阐明Shine Muscat对葡萄球菌感染的防御机制。利用两组RNA seq数据和酿酒葡萄基因组信息，转录组分析可重现地鉴定出269个和55个葡萄基因，分别响应于葡萄球菌而被上调和下调感染。对差异表达基因的基因本体分析表明，Shine Muscat识别葡萄球菌在细胞膜上的入侵，随后将信号传递到细胞中以启动反应。此外，葡萄黄单胞菌应答性旁系基因分布在酿酒葡萄基因组中位于染色体2、5、6、9、12和16的8个簇中。这些基因簇分别编码PR5，PR10，dirigent蛋白，多效性耐药蛋白，未表征的蛋白，苯丙氨酸氨裂解酶，乙烯响应转录因子和1,2-苯乙烯合成酶。酿酒酵母下调了编码乙烯反应性转录因子的基因簇感染，而其他7个基因簇被上调。除了编码未表征蛋白的基因簇以外，这些基因与植物防御机制有关，这表明这些基因簇的同步转录在葡萄对葡萄小球菌的防御机制中起着重要作用。这是鉴定葡萄基因组中多个感染反应基因簇的第一项研究。