Glycosylation is one of the most important post-translational modifications of proteins and plays an essential role in spermatogenesis, maturation, extracellular quality control, capacitation, sperm–egg recognition, and final fertilization. Spermatozoa are synthesized in the testes inactively with a thick glycocalyx and passed through the epididymis for further modification by glycosylation, deglycosylation, and integration to reach maturation. Subsequently, sperm capacitation and further fertilization require redistribution of glycoconjugates and dramatic glycocalyx modification of the spermatozoa surface. Furthermore, glycoproteins and glycans in seminal plasma are functional in maintaining spermatozoa structure and stability. Therefore, aberrant glycosylation may cause alteration of semen function and even infertility. Currently, mass spectrometry-based technologies have allowed large-scale profiling of glycans and glycoproteins in human semen. Quantitative analysis of semen glycosylation has also indicated many involved glycoproteome issues in male infertility and the potential biomarkers for diagnosis of male infertility in clinical. This review summarizes the role of glycosylation during spermatozoa development, the large-scale profiling of glycome and glycoproteome in human semen, as well as the association of aberrant glycosylation with infertility.

中文翻译：

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人精液中的生物功能和蛋白质糖基化的大规模分析。

糖基化是蛋白质翻译后最重要的修饰之一，在精子发生，成熟，细胞外质量控制，获能，精子卵识别和最终受精中起着至关重要的作用。精子通过厚的糖萼在睾丸中非活性地合成，并穿过附睾，通过糖基化，去糖基化和整合进一步修饰以达到成熟。随后，精子获能和进一步受精需要糖结合物的重新分布和精子表面的显着糖萼修饰。此外，精浆中的糖蛋白和聚糖在维持精子结构和稳定性中起作用。因此，糖基化异常可能导致精液功能改变，甚至导致不育。目前，基于质谱的技术允许对人精液中的聚糖和糖蛋白进行大规模分析。精液糖基化的定量分析还表明，男性不育症中涉及许多糖蛋白组学问题，并且在临床中可用于诊断男性不育症的潜在生物标志物。这篇综述总结了糖基化在精子发育过程中的作用，糖精和糖蛋白组在人精液中的大规模分布以及异常糖基化与不育的关系。