Higher temperatures and drought are key aspects of global change with the potential to alter the distribution and severity of many arthropod pests in forest systems. Scale insects (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) infest many tree species and are among the most important pests of trees in urban and rural forests, plantations and other forest systems. Infestations of native or exotic scale insects can kill or sicken trees with economic and ecosystem-wide consequences. Warming can have direct effects on the life history, fitness and population dynamics of many scale insect species by increasing development rate, survival or fecundity. These direct benefits can increase the geographic distribution of scale insects and their consequences for tree health. Warming and drought can affect scale insects indirectly by altering the quality of their host trees. Additive or interactive effects of warming and drought can change tree quality in such a way that it increases scale insect fitness and population growth. However, the effects are species- and context-dependent with some scale insect species negatively affected by drought-induced changes in tree quality. Warming and drought are often coincident in urban forests and predicted to co-occur in many parts of the world under climate change scenarios. The individual and interactive effects of these factors require further research to inform predictions and management of scale insect pests. Warming also indirectly affects scale insects by altering interactions with natural enemies. This includes changes in natural enemy phenology, community composition and abundance. In addition, warming can alter scale insect phenology or voltinism causing asynchrony with natural enemies or population growth too rapid for natural enemies to suppress. Direct and indirect effects of warming and drought on scale insects can increase the potential for some exotic species to become established and for some native species to become invasive. Unfortunately, much research on scale insects is confined to a few particularly important native or exotic pests which limits our ability to predict the effects of warming on many current or potential pests. More research is required to understand how warming and drought affect scale insects, scale insect management and the forest systems they inhabit.

中文翻译：

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变暖和干旱对森林系统规模害虫的直接和间接影响

高温和干旱是全球变化的关键方面，有可能改变森林系统中许多节肢动物害虫的分布和严重程度。规模昆虫（半翅目：球虫）侵染许多树木，是城乡森林，人工林和其他森林系统中树木最重要的害虫之一。本土或外来昆虫的侵染会杀死树木或使树木生病，从而造成经济和整个生态系统的后果。变暖可以通过增加发育速度，存活率或繁殖力来直接影响许多规模昆虫的生活史，适应度和种群动态。这些直接的好处可以增加规模昆虫的地理分布及其对树木健康的影响。变暖和干旱会通过改变寄主树的质量而间接影响鳞虫。变暖和干旱的相加或交互作用可以改变树木的质量，从而增加昆虫的适应度和种群数量。但是，其影响是物种和环境相关的，某些规模的昆虫物种受到干旱引起的树木质量变化的负面影响。在城市森林中，变暖和干旱经常同时发生，预计在气候变化情景下，世界许多地方会同时发生。这些因素的个体和互动影响需要进一步研究，以为鳞片害虫的预测和管理提供依据。变暖还通过改变与天敌的相互作用而间接影响鳞虫。这包括天敌的物候，群落组成和丰度的变化。此外，变暖会改变昆虫的物候学或Voltinism，从而导致与天敌的异步或种群增长过快而无法被天敌压制。气候变暖和干旱对昆虫的直接和间接影响可以增加某些外来物种的建立和某些本土物种的入侵的可能性。不幸的是，许多关于大规模昆虫的研究仅限于一些特别重要的本地或外来害虫，这限制了我们预测变暖对许多当前或潜在害虫的影响的能力。需要做更多的研究来了解变暖和干旱如何影响规模昆虫，规模昆虫管理及其所居住的森林系统。变暖和干旱对昆虫的直接和间接影响可以增加某些外来物种建立和某些本土物种入侵的可能性。不幸的是，许多关于规模昆虫的研究仅限于一些特别重要的本地或外来害虫，这限制了我们预测变暖对许多当前或潜在害虫的影响的能力。需要做更多的研究来了解变暖和干旱如何影响规模昆虫，规模昆虫管理及其所居住的森林系统。变暖和干旱对昆虫的直接和间接影响可以增加某些外来物种建立和某些本土物种入侵的可能性。不幸的是，许多关于大规模昆虫的研究仅限于一些特别重要的本地或外来害虫，这限制了我们预测变暖对许多当前或潜在害虫的影响的能力。需要做更多的研究来了解变暖和干旱如何影响规模昆虫，规模昆虫管理及其所居住的森林系统。大规模昆虫的研究仅限于一些特别重要的本地或外来害虫，这限制了我们预测变暖对许多当前或潜在害虫的影响的能力。需要做更多的研究来了解变暖和干旱如何影响规模昆虫，规模昆虫管理及其所居住的森林系统。大规模昆虫的研究仅限于一些特别重要的本地或外来害虫，这限制了我们预测变暖对许多当前或潜在害虫的影响的能力。需要做更多的研究来了解变暖和干旱如何影响规模昆虫，规模昆虫管理及其所居住的森林系统。