ABSTRACT Capsule: Diet analysis revealed high lead exposure for Greater Spotted Eagles Clanga clanga wintering in southeast Spain. Aims: To describe the diet composition of the endangered Greater Spotted Eagle in a wintering area located in southeast Spain, and determine lead ammunition exposure through analysis of regurgitated pellets and prey remains. Methods: Between 2008 and 2018, a total of 26 pellets, 29 prey remains and 10 direct predation observations were collected in El Hondo Natural Park, Spain. All the pellets and 10 prey remains were analysed with X-ray in order to detect metal from ammunition. Results: Greater Spotted Eagles fed mainly on birds, with 18 different species accounting for 73.1% of prey items and 66.1% of biomass consumed. The most frequent species identified were Common Moorhen Gallinula chloropus (23.1%), rats Rattus spp. (15.4%) and Common Teal Anas crecca (8.9%). Ammunition was detected in 42.3% of regurgitated pellets and in 40.0% of prey remains analysed. Of those containing ammunition, lead shot was found in 63.9% of pellets and 25.0% of prey remains. Conclusion: High lead shot presence in pellets and prey remains of wintering Greater Spotted Eagles in southeast Spain warns of a high risk of lead poisoning. Factors such as feeding behaviour, the large space–time overlap between the raptor presence and the waterbird hunting season and non-compliance with the ban on the use of lead ammunition are likely contributing to high lead exposure.

中文翻译：

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西班牙东南部大斑点鹰 Clanga clanga 的冬季饮食和铅中毒风险

摘要胶囊：饮食分析显示，在西班牙东南部越冬的大斑鹰 Clanga clanga 的铅暴露量很高。目的：描述位于西班牙东南部越冬地区的濒危大斑角雕的饮食成分，并通过分析反流弹丸和猎物遗骸确定铅弹药暴露。方法：2008年至2018年间，在西班牙El Hondo自然公园共收集到26个颗粒、29个猎物遗骸和10个直接捕食观察。所有弹丸和 10 个猎物残骸都用 X 射线分析，以检测弹药中的金属。结果：大斑雕主要以鸟类为食，18 种不同的物种占猎物的 73.1% 和消耗的生物量的 66.1%。最常见的物种是 Common Moorhen Gallinula chloropus (23.1%)，大鼠 Rattus spp. (15.4%) 和普通青色 Anas crecca (8.9%)。在 42.3% 的反流弹丸和 40.0% 的猎物遗骸中检测到弹药。在装有弹药的那些弹药中，63.9% 的弹丸和 25.0% 的猎物遗骸中发现了铅弹。结论：西班牙东南部越冬的大斑雕的球团和猎物残骸中存在大量铅弹，警告铅中毒的风险很高。进食行为、猛禽出现与水鸟狩猎季节之间的大量时空重叠以及不遵守使用铅弹药的禁令等因素可能导致高铅暴露。9% 的颗粒和 25.0% 的猎物仍然存在。结论：西班牙东南部越冬的大斑雕的球团和猎物残骸中存在大量铅弹，警告铅中毒的风险很高。进食行为、猛禽出现与水鸟狩猎季节之间的大量时空重叠以及不遵守使用铅弹药的禁令等因素可能导致高铅暴露。9% 的颗粒和 25.0% 的猎物仍然存在。结论：西班牙东南部越冬的大斑雕的球团和猎物残骸中存在大量铅弹，警告铅中毒的风险很高。进食行为、猛禽出现与水鸟狩猎季节之间的大量时空重叠以及不遵守使用铅弹药的禁令等因素可能导致高铅暴露。