Pathogenic mycobacteria cause chronic and acute diseases ranging from human tuberculosis (TB) to nontubercular infections. Mycobacterium tuberculosis causes both acute and chronic human tuberculosis. Environmentally acquired nontubercular mycobacteria (NTM) cause chronic disease in humans and animals. Not surprisingly, NTM and M. tuberculosis often use shared molecular mechanisms to survive within the host. The ESX-1 system is a specialized secretion system that is essential for virulence and is functionally conserved between M. tuberculosis and Mycobacterium marinum. M. marinum is an NTM found in both salt water and freshwater that is often used to study mycobacterial virulence. Since the discovery of the secretion system in 2003, the use of both M. tuberculosis and M. marinum has defined the conserved molecular mechanisms underlying protein secretion and the lytic and regulatory activities of the ESX-1 system. Here, we review the trajectory of the field, including key discoveries regarding the ESX-1 system. We highlight the contributions of M. marinum studies and the conserved and unique aspects of the ESX-1 secretion system.

中文翻译：

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使用海分枝杆菌模拟结核 ESX-1 的分泌。

致病性分枝杆菌可引起从人类结核病 (TB) 到非结核感染的慢性和急性疾病。结核分枝杆菌引起急性和慢性人类结核病。环境获得性非结核分枝杆菌 (NTM) 会导致人类和动物的慢性疾病。毫不奇怪，NTM 和结核分枝杆菌通常使用共享的分子机制在宿主内生存。ESX-1 系统是一种特殊的分泌系统，对毒力至关重要，并且在结核分枝杆菌和海分枝杆菌之间功能保守。海藻是一种在盐水和淡水中都发现的 NTM，常用于研究分枝杆菌的毒力。自 2003 年发现分泌系统以来，结核分枝杆菌和海洋分枝杆菌的使用确定了蛋白质分泌的保守分子机制以及 ESX-1 系统的裂解和调节活性。在这里，我们回顾了该领域的发展轨迹，包括有关 ESX-1 系统的关键发现。我们强调了M. marinum研究的贡献以及 ESX-1 分泌系统的保守和独特方面。