Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), which is caused by the novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), was declared by the World Health Organization (WHO) as a global pandemic on March 11, 2020. SARS-CoV-2 targets the respiratory system, resulting in symptoms such as fever, headache, dry cough, dyspnea, and dizziness. These symptoms vary from person to person, ranging from mild to hypoxia with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and sometimes death. Although not confirmed, phylogenetic analysis suggests that SARS-CoV-2 may have originated from bats; the intermediary facilitating its transfer from bats to humans is unknown. Owing to the rapid spread of infection and high number of deaths caused by SARS-CoV-2, most countries have enacted strict curfews and the practice of social distancing while awaiting the availability of effective U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved medications and/or vaccines. This review offers an overview of the various types of coronaviruses (CoVs), their targeted hosts and cellular receptors, a timeline of their emergence, and the roles of key elements of the immune system in fighting pathogen attacks, while focusing on SARS-CoV-2 and its genomic structure and pathogenesis. Furthermore, we review drugs targeting COVID-19 that are under investigation and in clinical trials, in addition to progress using mesenchymal stem cells to treat COVID-19. We conclude by reviewing the latest updates on COVID-19 vaccine development. Understanding the molecular mechanisms of how SARS-CoV-2 interacts with host cells and stimulates the immune response is extremely important, especially as scientists look for new strategies to guide their development of specific COVID-19 therapies and vaccines.

2019 年冠状病毒病 (COVID-19) 是由新型严重急性呼吸系统综合症冠状病毒 2 (SARS-CoV-2) 引起的，世界卫生组织 (WHO) 于 2020 年 3 月 11 日宣布为全球大流行病。 -CoV-2 以呼吸系统为目标，导致发烧、头痛、干咳、呼吸困难和头晕等症状。这些症状因人而异，从轻微缺氧到急性呼吸窘迫综合征 (ARDS)，有时甚至死亡。尽管尚未得到证实，但系统发育分析表明 SARS-CoV-2 可能起源于蝙蝠；促进其从蝙蝠转移到人类的媒介尚不清楚。由于 SARS-CoV-2 感染的迅速蔓延和造成的大量死亡，大多数国家都颁布了严格的宵禁和保持社交距离的做法，同时等待美国食品和药物管理局 (FDA) 批准的有效药物和疫苗的出现。 /或疫苗。这篇综述概述了各种类型的冠状病毒 (CoV)、它们的目标宿主和细胞受体、它们出现的时间表，以及免疫系统关键要素在对抗病原体攻击中的作用，同时重点关注 SARS-CoV- 2 及其基因组结构和发病机制。此外，我们还审查了正在研究和临床试验中的针对 COVID-19 的药物，以及使用间充质干细胞治疗 COVID-19 的进展。最后，我们回顾了 COVID-19 疫苗开发的最新动态。了解 SARS-CoV-2 如何与宿主细胞相互作用并刺激免疫反应的分子机制极其重要，特别是当科学家们寻找新策略来指导他们开发特定的 COVID-19 疗法和疫苗时。