Since decades, conventional diagnosis and treatment strategies for cancer have been practiced widely despite their expensive and time-consuming process. These conventional contrast and therapeutic agents suffer from various side-effects such as low radiodensity and image resolution, rapid clearance, non-specific biodistribution, poor tumor accumulation, high-dose and multiple-dose requirements, nephrotoxicity, uncontrolled exposure of high electromagnetic radiations, whole-body scans, and so on. Therefore, nanosized imaging and therapeutic probes have been proposed recently owing to their promising efficacy and negligible side-effects. However, these nanoplatforms are struggling deeply to find their clinical translational relevance. Integrating targeting ligands with diagnostic and therapeutic agents within a single system at the nanoscale resulted in localized nanotheranostics. Furthermore, the conceptualized nanotheranostics has been recognized as a clinical ‘weapon’ for localized cancer nanomedicine. In this review, we have covered a wide spectrum of recent developments in cancer nanotheranostics. Numerous examples of functional nanohybrids and clinical relevant materials with their multimode imaging and therapeutics have been addressed here. On the other hand, the importance of combination therapies, imaging-guided tumor regression, deep tissue visualization, localized diagnosis and tumor ablation, manipulation of the tumor microenvironment, and so on have been discussed here. Overall, localized and stimuli responsive nanosized multifunctional platforms have proved their superiority over conventional diagnosis and therapies.

几十年来，尽管常规癌症的诊断和治疗策略昂贵且耗时，但仍被广泛采用。这些常规的造影剂和治疗剂具有多种副作用，例如低辐射密度和图像分辨率，快速清除，非特异性生物分布，不良肿瘤蓄积，高剂量和多剂量要求，肾毒性，不受控制的高电磁辐射照射，全身扫描等等。因此，由于其有希望的功效和可忽略的副作用，最近已经提出了纳米成像和治疗探针。但是，这些纳米平台正为寻找其临床翻译相关性而进行着深入的努力。在纳米系统中将靶向配体与诊断和治疗剂整合到一个纳米系统中，从而实现了局部纳米热学。此外，概念化的纳米治疗已经被认为是局部癌症纳米药物的临床“武器”。在这篇综述中，我们涵盖了癌症纳米热治疗学的最新发展。功能性纳米杂交体及其临床相关材料及其多模成像和治疗方法的众多示例已在此处讨论。另一方面，在这里讨论了联合疗法，影像引导的肿瘤消退，深层组织可视化，局部诊断和肿瘤消融，肿瘤微环境的操纵等的重要性。总体，