One of the most concerning notions for science communicators, fact-checkers, and advocates of truth, is the backfire effect; this is when a correction leads to an individual increasing their belief in the very misconception the correction is aiming to rectify. There is currently a debate in the literature as to whether backfire effects exist at all, as recent studies have failed to find the phenomenon, even under theoretically favorable conditions. In this review, we summarize the current state of the worldview and familiarity backfire effect literatures. We subsequently examine barriers to measuring the backfire phenomenon, discuss approaches to improving measurement and design, and conclude with recommendations for fact-checkers. We suggest that backfire effects are not a robust empirical phenomenon, and more reliable measures, powerful designs, and stronger links between experimental design and theory could greatly help move the field ahead.

科学传播者、事实核查者和真理倡导者最关心的概念之一是适得其反的效果；这是修正导致个体增加的时候他们相信纠正旨在纠正的误解。目前文献中存在关于适得其反效应是否存在的争论，因为最近的研究未能发现这种现象，即使在理论上有利的条件下也是如此。在这篇综述中，我们总结了世界观和熟悉度适得其反的文献的现状。随后，我们检查了衡量适得其反现象的障碍，讨论了改进衡量和设计的方法，并以对事实核查者的建议作为结论。我们认为适得其反的效果并不是一个稳健的经验现象，更可靠的措施、更强大的设计以及实验设计和理论之间更紧密的联系可以极大地帮助推动该领域的发展。