Spontaneous abortion is a considerable threat to the physiology and mental health of the mother. The etiology of spontaneous abortion is multifactorial with complicated mechanisms, of which overexposure to non-essential metals (especially heavy metals) has been proposed to be associated with adverse birth outcomes. However, significant knowledge gaps remain to be filled in, such as the deleterious profile of non-essential metals and their interplay with essential metals in abnormal pregnancy. Under this setting, we aimed to address these challenges by conducting a cross-sectional study on 56 patients with spontaneous abortion in the 1 trimester, by comparing to 55 healthy pregnant women in 1 the trimester and 41 non-pregnant healthy women. Overexposure to a few non-essential metals, such as arsenic (As), antimony (Sb) and bismuth (Bi), was found in patients with spontaneous abortion, and likewise, some essential elements, such as magnesium (Mg), copper (Cu), vanadium (V), strontium (Sr) and tin (Sn), were also found to be elevated under spontaneous abortion. Further evidence of abnormal pregnancy was induced by a reduced level of internal hormones necessary for normal gestation, such as estradiol (E2) and progesterone (PRGE) in women with spontaneous abortion. Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels were slightly increased in patients with spontaneous abortion. Comprehensive correlation analyses were carried out to identify the crucial factors that result in abortion. Our data stratified the important variables in decreasing order: PRGE, As, Mg, Sb, Sr, Sn, Bi and pregnant times in the progress of spontaneous abortion. Moreover, labyrinthine associations were uncovered between PRGE, non-essential metals and essential elements in causing spontaneous abortion. Therefore, our combined data unveiled the likely synergistic implications of elevated non-essential metals and the disordered metabolism of essential metals in abnormal pregnancy.

中文翻译：

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非必需金属升高和必需金属代谢紊乱与异常妊娠自然流产有关

自然流产对母亲的生理和心理健康构成相当大的威胁。自然流产的病因是多因素的，机制复杂，其中过度接触非必需金属（特别是重金属）已被认为与不良的出生结局有关。然而，仍有重大知识空白有待填补，例如非必需金属的有害特征及其与异常妊娠中必需金属的相互作用。在此背景下，我们旨在应对这些挑战，对 56 名妊娠 1 个月内自然流产的患者进行横断面研究，并与 55 名妊娠 1 个月内的健康孕妇和 41 名非妊娠健康女性进行比较。研究发现，自然流产患者过度暴露于一些非必需金属，如砷 (As)、锑 (Sb) 和铋 (Bi)，同样，一些必需元素，如镁 (Mg)、铜 ( Cu)、钒 (V)、锶 (Sr) 和锡 (Sn) 也被发现在自然流产时含量升高。异常妊娠的进一步证据是由于正常妊娠所需的内部激素水平降低所致，例如自然流产妇女中的雌二醇（E2）和黄体酮（PRGE）。自然流产患者的乳酸脱氢酶（LDH）和促甲状腺激素（TSH）水平略有升高。进行综合相关分析以确定导致流产的关键因素。我们的数据按降序对重要变量进行分层：PRGE、As、Mg、Sb、Sr、Sn、Bi 和自然流产进展中的怀孕时间。此外，还发现了 PRGE、非必需金属和引起自然流产的必需元素之间的迷宫关联。因此，我们的综合数据揭示了异常妊娠中非必需金属升高和必需金属代谢紊乱可能产生的协同影响。