The 2018 European Renewables Directive sets a binding target of 32% of renewable energy generation by 2030. Free-field photovoltaic plants are characterised by significant land use and material flows. Although country-level data on installed power is available, information about the spatial distribution of PV plants is rare. When the first photovoltaic systems will reach their end-of-life on a large scale in 2035, economic, technological and ecological challenges will arise. The study explores the market development of photovoltaic power in the EU countries from 2008 to 2017 by preparing statistical data and Google mapping of free-field PV plants. Different approaches to assessing the land use of free-field PV systems compared to other energy systems are investigated. A comprehensive literature review addresses key issues of PV module waste treatment, hazardous constituents and their leakage in case of module breakage as well as financial issues of decommissioning and recycling and re-use of used modules. Most of the European PV electrical energy is generated by approximately 17,000 widely distributed free-field plants predominantly installed in lowlands. A local in-depth study shows that roof-top plants contribute less than 5% to the total PV energy generation in an area without extensive expansion to industrial buildings. Small amounts of hazardous substances that are typically present in PV modules are unlikely to affect the environment during normal operation of the system, but the question of leakage from broken end-of-life modules is not sufficiently clarified. While in the EU, the recycling and disposal costs are covered by producer fees and expected raw material profits; the financing of the decommissioning of thousands of PV free-field plants is still an open issue. The land use of free-field PV systems should be analysed in more detail. Concerning hazardous substances, there seems to be an emerging consensus in literature that the leaching behaviour of metals from broken PV module pieces is inadequately simulated by current waste characterisation protocols. It is recommended to pay greater attention to financing the decommissioning of free-field commercial and industrial scale PV systems.

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市场发展及其对欧洲光伏实施的报废管理的影响

2018年《欧洲可再生能源指令》设定了到2030年可再生能源发电量达到32％的约束性目标。自由场光伏电站的特点是土地使用量大，物料流大。尽管可以获得有关装机功率的国家级数据，但有关光伏电站空间分布的信息很少。当首批光伏系统在2035年大规模停产时，将出现经济，技术和生态方面的挑战。该研究通过准备统计数据和自由场光伏电站的Google制图，探索了2008年至2017年欧盟国家光伏发电的市场发展。与其他能源系统相比，研究了评估自由场光伏系统土地使用的不同方法。全面的文献综述解决了光伏组件废物处理，危险成分及其在组件损坏的情况下泄漏的关键问题，以及退役，回收和使用过的组件的财务问题。欧洲的大部分光伏电能由大约17,000个广泛分布的自由场电厂产生，这些电厂主要安装在低地。一项当地的深入研究表明，在没有广泛扩展至工业建筑的区域中，屋顶发电厂对光伏发电总量的贡献不足5％。PV模块中通常存在的少量有害物质在系统正常运行期间不太可能对环境造成影响，但是对于寿命终止的模块破裂造成的泄漏问题却没有得到足够的阐明。在欧盟期间 回收和处置成本由生产商费用和预期原材料利润支付；数以千计的PV自由场电厂退役的融资仍然是一个悬而未决的问题。自由场光伏系统的土地利用应进行更详细的分析。关于有害物质，文献中似乎已经出现了一个新的共识，即目前的废物表征协议未充分模拟从破碎的光伏模块件中浸出金属的行为。建议更加注意资助自由领域商业和工业规模光伏系统的退役。自由场光伏系统的土地利用应进行更详细的分析。关于有害物质，文献中似乎已经出现了一个新的共识，即目前的废料表征协议没有充分模拟从破碎的光伏模块件中浸出金属的行为。建议更加注意资助自由领域商业和工业规模光伏系统的退役。自由场光伏系统的土地利用应进行更详细的分析。关于有害物质，文献中似乎已经出现了一个新的共识，即目前的废料表征协议没有充分模拟从破碎的光伏模块件中浸出金属的行为。建议更加注意资助自由领域商业和工业规模光伏系统的退役。