Frequency diverse array (FDA) as a new array technology with range-, angle- and time-dependent beamforming has received much attention, especially in the application of radar systems. In FDA, the element indices employed frequency increments to produce angle–range beamforming. This study proposes bat metaheuristic algorithm-based synthesis technique to uncouple the FDA angle–range beamforming. Specifically, the authors optimise the frequency increment, amplitude weighting and phase weighting with bat metaheuristic algorithm to obtain single-dot and multi-dot shape transmit beamforming. In addition, they take into account the real scenario, i.e. the propagation time of the radiated signal arriving at the target position. It is demonstrated that the proposed bat algorithm FDA achieves more focused beamforming (i.e. narrower mainlobe) and better sidelobes levels (peak to sidelobe ratio) compared to other frequency increment techniques in the literature.

中文翻译：

---

蝙蝠元启发式优化的调频多样阵列发射波束成形

频率变化阵列（FDA）作为一种具有范围，角度和时间依赖的波束成形的新阵列技术受到了广泛的关注，特别是在雷达系统的应用中。在FDA中，元素索引采用频率增量来产生角度范围的波束成形。这项研究提出了基于蝙蝠元启发式算法的综合技术，以解除FDA角度范围波束形成的耦合。具体来说，作者使用蝙蝠元启发式算法优化频率增量，幅度加权和相位加权，以获得单点和多点形状的发射波束成形。此外，它们考虑了实际情况，即到达目标位置的辐射信号的传播时间。结果表明，提出的蝙蝠算法FDA实现了更集中的波束成形（即