Human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) are multipotent cells, which exhibit plastic adherence, express specific cell surface marker spectrum, and have multi-lineage differentiation potential. These cells can be obtained from multiple tissues. Dental tissue-derived hMSCs (dental MSCs) possess the ability to give rise to mesodermal lineage (osteocytes, adipocytes, and chondrocytes), ectodermal lineage (neurocytes), and endodermal lineages (hepatocytes). Dental MSCs were first isolated from dental pulp of the extracted third molar and till now they have been purified from various dental tissues, including pulp tissue of permanent teeth and exfoliated deciduous teeth, apical papilla, periodontal ligament, gingiva, dental follicle, tooth germ, and alveolar bone. Dental MSCs are not only easily accessible but are also expandable in vitro with relative genomic stability for a long period of time. Moreover, dental MSCs have exhibited immunomodulatory properties by secreting cytokines. Easy accessibility, multi-lineage differentiation potential, and immunomodulatory effects make dental MSCs distinct from the other hMSCs and an effective tool in stem cell-based therapy. Several preclinical studies and clinical trials have been performed using dental MSCs in the treatment of multiple ailments, ranging from dental diseases to nondental diseases. The present review has summarized dental MSC sources, multi-lineage differentiation capacities, immunomodulatory features, its potential in the treatment of diseases, and its application in both preclinical studies and clinical trials. The regenerative therapeutic strategies in dental medicine have also been discussed.

中文翻译：

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牙科组织来源的人间充质干细胞及其在治疗中的潜力。

人间充质干细胞（hMSCs）是多能细胞，表现出可塑性粘附，表达特定的细胞表面标志物光谱，并具有多系分化潜能。这些细胞可以从多个组织获得。牙齿组织来源的hMSC（牙科MSC）具有产生中胚层谱系（骨细胞，脂肪细胞和软骨细胞），外胚层谱系（神经细胞）和内胚层谱系（肝细胞）的能力。牙齿间充质干细胞首先从提取的第三磨牙的牙髓中分离出来，到现在为止，它们已从各种牙齿组织中纯化，包括恒牙和脱落的乳牙的牙髓组织，根尖乳头，牙周膜，牙龈，牙囊，牙胚，和牙槽骨。牙科MSC不仅易于访问而且可扩展体外具有较长时间的相对基因组稳定性。而且，牙科MSC通过分泌细胞因子而显示出免疫调节特性。易获得性，多谱系分化潜力和免疫调节作用使牙科MSC与其他hMSC脱颖而出，并成为基于干细胞治疗的有效工具。已经使用牙科MSC进行了多种临床前研究和临床试验，从疾病到非牙齿疾病的多种疾病的治疗。本综述总结了牙科MSC的来源，多系分化能力，免疫调节特征，其在疾病治疗中的潜力及其在临床前研究和临床试验中的应用。还讨论了牙科医学中的再生治疗策略。