Quantifying responses of three congeneric species of lady beetles, Hippodamia parenthesis (Say), Hippodamia convergens (Guerin), and Hippodamia variegata (Goeze) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae), to abiotic factors that influence their seasonal biology provides an understanding of the phenology of these species in North America. The developmental response and the induction and duration of adult hibernal diapause in four North American populations of H. parenthesis, collected between 40° N and 44° N latitude, was determined when beetles were reared at four photoperiods (L:D 16:8, 14:10, 12;12, and 10:14) at 22°C. Preimaginal development of the four H. parenthesis populations reared at the photoperiods was affected by population, photoperiod, and the interaction between population and photoperiod. Fifteen to 19% of H. parenthesis females reared at L:D 16:8 entered diapause, whereas shorter photoperiods (L:D 12:12 and 10:14) induced diapause in all females. Variation in response to L:D 14:10 was observed among the four populations of H. parenthesis, similar to the response observed in H. convergens and H. variegata. In contrast to the response of H. parenthesis females, in which four individuals oviposited at L:D 12:12 or 10:14 within 120 d, the duration of reproductive diapause in H. convergens and H. variegata females at L:D 12:12 and 10:14 showed a prolonged quantitative response to photoperiod. Comparisons of the responses (days to first oviposition) to photoperiod of H. parenthesis and H. variegata from the same collection sites showed significant differences at most photoperiods. Similarly, responses at all photoperiods varied between H. parenthesis and H. convergens from similar latitudes in Iowa.

中文翻译：

---

北美三种河足类种群生殖滞育的比较研究（鞘翅目：瓢虫科）

量化三种同类瓢虫物种、Hippodamia 括号 (Say)、Hippodamia 收敛 (Guerin) 和 Hippodamia variegata (Goeze)（鞘翅目：瓢虫科）对影响其季节性生物学的非生物因素的反应，从而了解这些物种的物候北美的物种。当甲虫在四个光周期（L：D 16：8， 14:10、12；12 和 10:14）在 22°C。在光周期下饲养的四个H.括号种群的前成虫发育受种群、光周期和种群与光周期相互作用的影响。在 L:D 16 饲养的 H. 括号雌性中有 15% 到 19%：8 进入滞育，而较短的光周期（L:D 12:12 和 10:14）诱导所有女性滞育。在 H. 括号的四个种群中观察到对 L:D 14:10 的反应变化，类似于在 H. convergens 和 H. variegata 中观察到的反应。与 H. 括号雌性的反应相反，其中 4 个个体在 120 d 内的 L:D 12:12 或 10:14 排卵，H. converdens 和 H. variegata 雌性在 L:D 12 的生殖滞育持续时间:12 和 10:14 显示对光周期的长期定量响应。对来自相同采集地点的 H. parenthesis 和 H. variegata 的光周期反应（到第一次产卵的天数）的比较显示在大多数光周期中存在显着差异。同样，所有光周期的响应在 H. 括号和 H.