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Strong Connectivity in Directed Graphs under Failures, with Applications
SIAM Journal on Computing ( IF 1.2 ) Pub Date : 2020-09-01 , DOI: 10.1137/19m1258530
Loukas Georgiadis , Giuseppe F. Italiano , Nikos Parotsidis

SIAM Journal on Computing, Volume 49, Issue 5, Page 865-926, January 2020.
In this paper, we investigate some basic connectivity problems in directed graphs (digraphs). Let $G$ be a digraph with $m$ edges and $n$ vertices, and let $G\setminus e$ (resp., $G\setminus v$) be the digraph obtained after deleting edge $e$ (resp., vertex $v$) from $G$. As a first result, we show how to compute in $O(m+n)$ worst-case time: the total number of strongly connected components in $G\setminus e$ (resp., $G\setminus v$) for all edges $e$ (resp., for all vertices $v$) in $G$. Let $G$ be strongly connected. We say that edge $e$ (resp., vertex $v$) separates two vertices $x$ and $y$ if $x$ and $y$ are no longer strongly connected in $G\setminus e$ (resp., $G\setminus v$). As a second set of results, we show how to build in $O(m+n)$ time $O(n)$-space data structures that can answer in optimal time the following basic connectivity queries on digraphs: report in $O(n)$ worst-case time all the strongly connected components of $G\setminus e$ (resp., $G\setminus v$) for a query edge $e$ (resp., vertex $v$); test whether an edge or a vertex separates two query vertices in $O(1)$ worst-case time; report all edges (resp., vertices) that separate two query vertices in optimal worst-case time, i.e., in time $O(k)$, where $k$ is the number of separating edges (resp., separating vertices). (For $k=0$, the time is $O(1).$) All our bounds are tight and are obtained with a common algorithmic framework, based on a novel compact representation of the decompositions induced by the 1-connectivity (i.e., 1-edge and 1-vertex) cuts in digraphs, which might be of independent interest. With the help of our data structures we can design efficient algorithms for several other connectivity problems on digraphs and we can also obtain in linear time a strongly connected spanning subgraph of $G$ with $O(n)$ edges that maintains the 1-connectivity cuts of $G$ and the decompositions induced by those cuts.


中文翻译:

故障下有向图的强连通性及其应用

SIAM计算杂志,第49卷,第5期,第865-926页,2020年1月。
在本文中,我们研究了有向图(图)中的一些基本连通性问题。假设$ G $是具有$ m $边和$ n $顶点的有向图,并且让$ G \ setminus e $(分别为$ G \ setminus v $)是删除了边$ e $(resp。 ,顶点$ v $)从$ G $。作为第一个结果,我们显示了如何在$ O(m + n)$最坏情况下计算:$ G \ setminus e $中的强连接组件总数(分别为$ G \ setminus v $) $ G $中的所有边$ e $(分别为所有顶点$ v $)。让$ G $紧密相连。我们说,如果$ x $和$ y $在$ G \ setminus e $中不再牢固连接,则边缘$ e $(分别是顶点$ v $)将两个顶点$ x $和$ y $分开。 $ G \ setminus v $)。作为第二组结果,我们展示了如何建立$ O(m + n)$时间$ O(n)$空间数据结构,这些数据结构可以在最佳时间内回答有向图的以下基本连通性查询:$ O(n)$最坏情况的报告对$ G \ setminus e $(分别为$ G \ setminus v $)的所有强连接部分进行计时,以获取查询边$ e $(resp。,顶点$ v $);测试边或顶点是否在$ O(1)$最坏情况下将两个查询顶点分开;报告在最佳最坏情况下(即时间$ O(k)$)将两个查询顶点分开的所有边(顶点,顶点),其中$ k $是分开边的数量(分别是顶点)。(对于$ k = 0 $,时间为$ O(1)。$。)我们所有的边界都是紧的,并且是基于一个由1-连通性引起的分解的新颖紧凑表示形式,使用通用算法框架获得的,1-edge和1-vertex)切成有向图,这可能是独立利益。借助我们的数据结构,我们可以为有向图上的其他几个连通性问题设计有效的算法,并且还可以在线性时间内获得具有$ O(n)$边的$ G $的强连通跨越子图,该子图保持1连通性削减$ G $以及这些削减引起的分解。
更新日期:2020-09-03
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