Human‐altered environments can shape the evolution of organisms. Fungi are no exception, although little is known about how they withstand anthropogenic pollution. Here, we document adaptation in the mycorrhizal fungus Suillus luteus driven by soil heavy metal contamination. Genome scans across individuals from recently polluted and nearby unpolluted soils in Belgium revealed low divergence across isolates and no evidence of population structure based on soil type. However, we detected single nucleotide polymorphism divergence and gene copy‐number variation, with different genetic combinations potentially conferring the ability to persist in contaminated soils. Variants were shared across the population but found to be under selection in isolates exposed to pollution and located across the genome, including in genes involved in metal exclusion, storage, immobilization and reactive oxygen species detoxification. Together, our results point to S. luteus undergoing the initial steps of adaptive divergence and contribute to understanding the processes underlying local adaptation under strong environmental selection.

中文翻译：

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通过单核苷酸多态性和拷贝数变异对真菌重金属的适应。

人为改变的环境可以影响生物体的进化。真菌也不例外，尽管人们对它们如何承受人为污染知之甚少。在这里，我们记录了菌根真菌黄体中的适应受土壤重金属污染的驱动。从比利时最近被污染和附近未污染的土壤中对个体进行的基因组扫描显示，分离株之间的差异很小，并且没有基于土壤类型的种群结构证据。但是，我们检测到单核苷酸多态性差异和基因拷贝数变异，具有不同的遗传组合可能会赋予在污染土壤中持久的能力。变体在整个种群中共享，但发现处于暴露于污染并位于基因组中的分离株中处于选择之中，包括参与金属排斥，储存，固定化和活性氧物种解毒的基因。在一起，我们的结果指向黄ute 经历了适应性分歧的初始步骤，并有助于理解在强烈的环境选择下本地适应的过程。