The Anthropocene presents formidable threats to freshwater ecosystems. Lakes are especially vulnerable and important at the same time. They cover only a small area worldwide but harbour high levels of biodiversity and contribute disproportionately to ecosystem services. Lakes differ with respect to their general type (e.g. land‐locked, drainage, floodplain and large lakes) and position in the landscape (e.g. highland versus lowland lakes), which contribute to the dynamics of these systems. Lakes should be generally viewed as ‘meta‐systems’, whereby biodiversity is strongly affected by species dispersal, and ecosystem dynamics are contributed by the flow of matter and substances among locations in a broader waterscape context. Lake connectivity in the waterscape and position in the landscape determine the degree to which a lake is prone to invasion by non‐native species and accumulation of harmful substances. Highly connected lakes low in the landscape accumulate nutrients and pollutants originating from ecosystems higher in the landscape. The monitoring and restoration of lake biodiversity and ecosystem services should consider the fact that a high degree of dynamism is present at local, regional and global scales. However, local and regional monitoring may be plagued by the unpredictability of ecological phenomena, hindering adaptive management of lakes. Although monitoring data are increasingly becoming available to study responses of lakes to global change, we still lack suitable integration of models for entire waterscapes. Research across disciplinary boundaries is needed to address the challenges that lakes face in the Anthropocene because they may play an increasingly important role in harbouring unique aquatic biota as well as providing ecosystem goods and services in the future.

中文翻译：

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全球变化时代的湖泊：在维持生物多样性和生态系统服务方面超越单一湖泊思维

人类世对淡水生态系统构成了巨大威胁。湖泊特别脆弱，同时也很重要。它们在全球范围内仅覆盖一小部分区域，但拥有高度的生物多样性，并对生态系统服务做出了不成比例的贡献。湖泊在其一般类型（例如内陆、排水、洪泛区和大型湖泊）和景观中的位置（例如高地湖泊与低地湖泊）方面有所不同，这有助于这些系统的动态。湖泊通常应被视为“元系统”，其中生物多样性受到物种扩散的强烈影响，而生态系统动态则由更广泛的水景环境中不同地点之间的物质和物质流动所贡献。水景中湖泊的连通性和景观中的位置决定了湖泊容易受到非本地物种入侵和有害物质积累的程度。景观低处高度连通的湖泊积累了来自景观中较高生态系统的养分和污染物。湖泊生物多样性和生态系统服务的监测和恢复应考虑到地方、区域和全球范围内都存在高度活力的事实。然而，地方和区域监测可能会受到生态现象的不可预测性的困扰，阻碍了湖泊的适应性管理。尽管越来越多的监测数据可用于研究湖泊对全球变化的反应，但我们仍然缺乏对整个水景模型的适当整合。