The order Hymenoptera includes most of the eusocial species on the planet. Correlated is the fact that many of the social species within the order are haplodiploid and use complementary sex determination (CSD) to determine the sex of offspring. CSD is the mechanism by why single sex alleles within an organism result in male development (haploid) and mismatched sex alleles develop into females (diploids). Related to this is the production of diploid males: fertilized eggs with matched sex alleles which develop as male instead of female. Honey bees are no exception to this, and as their numbers continue to suffer globally and their genetic diversity lowers, the effects of diploid male production (DMP) may pose an increased risk to the survival of bee colonies. In the present study, we develop a model for diploid male production in a honey bee colony and show that with ample resources, this phenomena has little effect on a colony’s health, but there is a limit to the sustainability of a colony suffering from diploid male production. We use our model to show that there were likely no great evolutionary pressures against CSD and DMP in wild honey bees as its effects on colony health in the wild would have been negligible but increased environmental hazards such as pesticides and monoculture crops increase the effects of DMP on colony health.

订单膜翅目包括地球上大多数的社会社会物种。与此相关的是，该顺序内的许多社会物种都是单倍体的，并使用互补性别决定（CSD）来确定后代的性别。CSD是生物体内单性等位基因导致男性发育（单倍体）而错配的性等位基因发展成女性（二倍体）的机制。与之相关的是二倍体雄性的生产：具有匹配性等位基因的受精卵发育为雄性而不是雌性。蜜蜂也不例外，随着蜜蜂数量在全球范围内不断遭受损害以及它们的遗传多样性下降，二倍体雄性生产（DMP）的影响可能对蜜蜂群体的生存造成更大的风险。在目前的研究中，我们开发了一个蜜蜂群体中二倍体雄性生产的模型，并表明，如果资源充足，这种现象对群体健康的影响很小，但是遭受二倍体雄性生产的群体的可持续性存在局限性。我们使用我们的模型表明，野生蜜蜂对CSD和DMP可能没有很大的进化压力，因为它对野生菌落健康的影响可以忽略不计，但是增加的环境危害（例如农药和单一种植作物）增加了DMP的影响对殖民地的健康。