Nitrogen (N) and Phosphorus (P) are the two most essential nutrients ensuring food production and security. The ever growing population demands more N and P-based fertilizers. Even though the N provision to the agricultural system is virtually infinite (Haber and Bosch process) it triggers pollution when it is not used by the plant and leaks into the environment. On the other hand, P is predicted to be a limited source worldwide. P use is also responsible for water eutrophication. Thus understanding plant response to combinations of N and P has clear implications for sustainable human development. Recent works have shed new light on how N and P closely interact to control plant responses. Several molecular actors have been revealed controlling the molecular interaction between these two essential elements drafting a working model of N and P interactions. We summarize here these new findings as well as several previous lines of evidence in agronomy and physiology studies preceding this new trend of investigation in the molecular world.

氮（N）和磷（P）是确保食品生产和安全的两种最重要的营养素。不断增长的人口需要更多的氮和磷基肥料。尽管农业系统中的氮供应实际上是无限的（哈伯和博世过程），但当氮肥未被工厂使用时会引发污染并泄漏到环境中。另一方面，预计P在全球范围内是有限的来源。磷的使用还导致水体富营养化。因此，了解植物对氮和磷组合的反应对人类的可持续发展有着明显的意义。最近的工作为氮和磷如何紧密相互作用以控制植物的反应提供了新的思路。已经揭示了控制这两个基本元素之间的分子相互作用的几个分子参与者，起草了N和P相互作用的工作模型。我们在这里总结了这些新发现以及在分子世界这种新研究趋势之前的农学和生理学研究的先前证据。