Mitochondria play a central role in glucose metabolism and the stimulation of insulin secretion from pancreatic β-cells. In this review, we discuss firstly the regulation and roles of mitochondrial Ca²⁺ transport in glucose-regulated insulin secretion, and the molecular machinery involved. Next, we discuss the evidence that mitochondrial dysfunction in β-cells is associated with type 2 diabetes, from a genetic, functional and structural point of view, and then the possibility that these changes may in part be mediated by dysregulation of cytosolic Ca²⁺. Finally, we review the importance of preserved mitochondrial structure and dynamics for mitochondrial gene expression and their possible relevance to the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes.

线粒体在葡萄糖代谢和刺激胰腺 β 细胞分泌胰岛素中发挥着核心作用。在这篇综述中，我们首先讨论线粒体Ca ²⁺转运在葡萄糖调节的胰岛素分泌中的调节和作用，以及所涉及的分子机制。接下来，我们从遗传、功能和结构的角度讨论 β 细胞线粒体功能障碍与 2 型糖尿病相关的证据，然后讨论这些变化可能部分是由胞质 Ca ²⁺失调介导的可能性。最后，我们回顾了保存线粒体结构和动力学对线粒体基因表达的重要性及其与 2 型糖尿病发病机制的可能相关性。