Abstract Fusarium graminearum Schwabe (Hypocreales: Nectriaceae) and Fusarium verticillioides (Saccardo) (Hypocreales: Nectriaceae) Nirenberg infection results in accumulation of deoxynivalenol (DON), zearalenone (ZON), and fumonisin (FBs) mycotoxins in infected corn, Zea mays L. Lepidopteran insect feeding may exacerbate fungal infection by providing entry points on the ear resulting in increased mycotoxin contamination of grain. The objective of the current study was to simulate different types and severity levels (extent of injury) of lepidopteran injury to corn ears at different stages of ear development and its effect on mycotoxin accumulation in grain corn. Field experiments were conducted under conditions favorable for F. graminearum development where insect injury was simulated to corn ears and inoculated with F. graminearum. All simulated injury treatments resulted in elevated mycotoxin concentration compared with ears without simulated injury; however, the severity of injury within a treatment had little effect. Injury to kernels on the side of the ear resulted in greater DON and ZON concentration than injury to tip kernels, grazing injury applied at physiological maturity, or when no injury was simulated. Greater FBs was measured when tip kernel injury was simulated at the blister stage or when side kernel injury was simulated at milk and dent stages compared with noninjured ears, silk clipping, tip injury at milk and dent stages, or grazing injury at physiological maturity. The current study confirms that the risk of mycotoxin accumulation in the Great Lakes region is greater in the presence of ear-feeding insect pests and may differ depending on the feeding behavior of pest species.

中文翻译：

---

模拟鳞翅目食耳损伤对谷物玉米（禾本科：禾本科）霉菌毒素积累的影响

摘要 Fusarium graminearum Schwabe (Hypocreales: Nectriaceae) 和 Fusarium v​​erticillioides (Saccardo) (Hypocreales: Nectriaceae) Nirenberg 感染导致脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇 (DON)、玉米赤霉烯酮 (ZON) 和伏马菌素 (FBs) 在受感染的玉米中积累。鳞翅目昆虫饲养可能会通过在耳朵上提供入口点来加剧真菌感染，从而增加谷物的真菌毒素污染。本研究的目的是模拟鳞翅目昆虫在穗发育的不同阶段对玉米穗的不同类型和严重程度（伤害程度）及其对谷物玉米中霉菌毒素积累的影响。田间试验在有利于禾谷镰刀菌发育的条件下进行，其中模拟对玉米穗的昆虫伤害并接种禾谷镰刀菌。与没有模拟损伤的耳朵相比，所有模拟损伤处理都导致真菌毒素浓度升高；然而，治疗中受伤的严重程度几乎没有影响。与尖端籽粒损伤、生理成熟时施加的放牧损伤或没有模拟损伤时相比，耳朵侧面的籽粒受伤导致更大的 DON 和 ZON 浓度。与未受伤的耳朵、剪丝、挤奶和凹痕阶段的尖端损伤或生理成熟时的放牧损伤相比，在水疱阶段模拟尖端核损伤或在牛奶和凹痕阶段模拟侧核损伤时测量到更大的 FB。