Human memory retrieval is the core cognitive process of the human brain whenever it is processing the information. Less study has focused on exploring the neural correlates of the memory retrieval of scientific concepts when presented in word and picture modalities. Fewer studies have investigated the differences in the involved brain regions and how the brain dynamics in these regions would associate with the accuracy of the memory retrieval process. Therefore, this study specifically focused on investigating the human brain dynamics of participants when they retrieve physics concepts in word vs. pictorial modalities, and whether electroencephalogram (EEG) activities can predict the correctness of the retrieval of physics concepts. The results indicated that word modality induced a significant stronger right frontal theta augmentation than pictorial modality during the physics concepts retrieval process, whereas the picture modality induced a significantly greater right parietal alpha suppression than the word modality throughout the retrieval process spurred by the physics concept presentations. In addition, greater frontal midline theta augmentation was observed for incorrect responses than the correct responses during retrieve physics concepts. Moreover, the frontal midline theta power has greater negative predictive power for predicting the accuracy of physics concepts retrieval. In summary, the participants were more likely to retrieve physics concepts correctly if a lower amount of theta were allocated during the maintaining period from 2,000 ms through 3,500 ms before making responses. It provides insight for our future application of brain computer interface (BCI) in real-time science learning. This study implies that the lower frontal midline theta power is associated with a lower degree of cognitive control and active maintenance of representations as participants approach a correct answer.

中文翻译：

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人脑动力学反映物理概念记忆检索的正确性和呈现方式

人类记忆检索是人脑在处理信息时的核心认知过程。较少的研究集中在探索以文字和图片形式呈现时科学概念的记忆检索的神经关联。很少有研究调查相关大脑区域的差异以及这些区域的大脑动力学如何与记忆检索过程的准确性相关联。因此，本研究特别关注参与者在以文字与图形方式检索物理概念时的人脑动力学，以及脑电图（EEG）活动是否可以预测物理概念检索的正确性。结果表明，在物理概念检索过程中，单词模态引起的右额叶θ增强明显强于图像模态，而在物理概念呈现刺激的整个检索过程中，图片模态引起的右顶叶α抑制明显大于单词模态. 此外，在检索物理概念期间，不正确的反应比正确的反应观察到更大的额中线 theta 增强。而且，额叶中线θ功率对于预测物理概念检索的准确性具有更大的负面预测能力。总之，如果在 2,000 ms 到 3 的维护期间分配较少的 theta，参与者更有可能正确检索物理概念，做出响应前 500 毫秒。它为我们未来在实时科学学习中应用脑机接口 (BCI) 提供了见解。这项研究表明，当参与者接近正确答案时，较低的额中线 theta 功率与较低程度的认知控制和积极维护表征相关。