In most sub-Saharan countries, development is severely limited by the scarcity of electricity and fuel for transportation as well as the fragility of institutional organizations. Bioenergy is a natural candidate for the diversification of the energy matrix and the socioeconomic development in developing countries. Exploring the concept of “institutional transplant”, this study designs a preliminary institutional and organizational framework that could be taken as a starting point for a Program for the Production of Biodiesel in Guinea-Bissau based upon the “transplant” of the Brazilian experience in biodiesel production. Scenarios of Guinea-Bissaús future energy needs were built and simulations were conducted to project the volumes of biodiesel production and assess their potential socioeconomic impacts. The adoption of the B10 blend (10% biodiesel with 90% diesel) would have the potential to create 35,785 temporary jobs. With each job paying 1.5 minimum salaries, the total income generated would be US$5,162,701.00/year. Given that more than 60% population of Guinea-Bissau lives on less than US$ 1.0 a day, biodiesel production has considerable potential to alleviate poverty. The B10 blend could reduce the dependency on imported diesel.