This study aimed to evaluate the synergistic effects of both vanillin (V) and chitosan nanoparticles (CNPs) in alleviating hepatotoxicity, oxidative injury, and genotoxicity induced by d-galactose (DG) and resulted from aging in male albino rats. Male Wistar rats were divided into seven groups (10 rats/group) as follows: control group, (DG) group (100 mg/kg), (V) group (100 mg/kg), CNPs either (low dose (LD) or CNPs (high dose (HD) (140 mg/kg) and (280 mg/kg), and CNPs (LD and HD) dose with V- and DG plus V-treated groups. The CNPs were characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), zeta potential, and size distribution of nanoparticles. After 60 consecutive days of exposure, some biochemical parameters were measured as hepatic aminotransferases enzymes, lipid profile, tumor necrosis factor alpha, interleukin-6 (IL-6), markers of inflammation, tissue damage lactate dehydrogenase, C-reactive protein (CRP), mitochondrial potential activities, myeloperoxidase, xanthine oxidase, CRP, succinate dehydrogenase, mitochondria membrane potential, malondialdehyde levels and antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione reductase, and glutathione S-transferase), and adenosine triphosphate content with histological, alkaline comet assay, and TEM examination of the hepatic tissues. CNPs showed that size distribution (polydispersity index) 0.350 nm and the zeta potential measurement of CNPs were found to be −14.9 mV which revealed the high stability of CNPs. DG induced biochemical and cellular alterations in the hepatic tissues. CNPs and V synergistically afforded protection against hepatic injury and oxidative stress resulting from aging that was induced by DG. Consequently, CNPs were an effective agent in the drug delivery in the hepatic diseases medications and act as a carrier for V and thus make synergistic effect between CNPs and V that achieved the high antioxidant capacities. CNPs and V improved the hepatic enzymes, which act as anti-inflammatory and antigenotoxicity, and improved the antioxidant capacities in the hepatic tissues.

本研究旨在评估香草醛 (V) 和壳聚糖纳米颗粒 (CNPs) 在减轻由d诱导的肝毒性、氧化损伤和遗传毒性方面的协同作用。-半乳糖 (DG) 并由雄性白化大鼠的衰老引起。雄性Wistar大鼠分为7组（10只/组）如下：对照组、（DG）组（100 mg/kg）、（V）组（100 mg/kg）、CNPs（低剂量（LD））或 CNPs（高剂量（HD）（140 mg/kg）和（280 mg/kg），以及 CNPs（LD 和 HD）剂量与 V-和 DG 加 V-治疗组。通过透射电子显微镜表征 CNPs（ TEM)、zeta 电位和纳米颗粒的尺寸分布。连续 60 天暴露后，测量一些生化参数，如肝转氨酶、脂质谱、肿瘤坏死因子 α、白细胞介素 6 (IL-6)、炎症标志物、组织损伤乳酸脱氢酶、C-反应蛋白 (CRP)、线粒体电位活性、髓过氧化物酶、黄嘌呤氧化酶、CRP、琥珀酸脱氢酶、线粒体膜电位、丙二醛水平和抗氧化酶（超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化氢酶、谷胱甘肽还原酶和谷胱甘肽 S-转移酶），以及三磷酸腺苷含量与组织学、碱性彗星试验和肝组织的 TEM 检查。CNP 显示尺寸分布（多分散指数）为 0.350 nm，CNP 的 zeta 电位测量值为 -14.9 mV，这表明 CNP 具有高稳定性。DG 诱导肝组织中的生化和细胞改变。CNPs 和 V 协同提供保护，防止由 DG 诱导的衰老引起的肝损伤和氧化应激。最后，CNPs 是肝脏疾病药物中药物递送的有效剂，并作为 V 的载体，从而在 CNPs 和 V 之间产生协同作用，实现高抗氧化能力。CNPs 和 V 改善了肝酶，起到抗炎和抗原毒性作用，并提高了肝组织的抗氧化能力。