Stem cells play an irreplaceable role in the development, homeostasis, and regeneration of the craniofacial bone. Multiple populations of tissue-resident craniofacial skeletal stem cells have been identified in different stem cell niches, including the cranial periosteum, jawbone marrow, temporomandibular joint, cranial sutures, and periodontium. These cells exhibit self-renewal and multidirectional differentiation abilities. Here, we summarized the properties of craniofacial skeletal stem cells, based on their spatial distribution. Specifically, we focused on the in vivo genetic fate mapping of stem cells, by exploring specific stem cell markers and observing their lineage commitment in both the homeostatic and regenerative states. Finally, we discussed their application in regenerative medicine.

中文翻译：

---

颅面干细胞的空间分布，特征和应用。

干细胞在颅面骨的发育，体内平衡和再生中起着不可替代的作用。在不同的干细胞壁ni中已鉴定出多个组织驻留的颅面骨骼干细胞群，包括颅骨骨膜，颌骨骨髓，颞下颌关节，颅骨缝线和牙周膜。这些细胞表现出自我更新和多向分化的能力。在这里，我们根据颅面干细胞的空间分布总结了它们的特性。具体而言，我们通过探索特定的干细胞标记并观察其在稳态和再生状态下的血统承诺，专注于干细胞的体内遗传命运定位。最后，我们讨论了它们在再生医学中的应用。