Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have emerged as a ubiquitous mechanism for transferring information between cells and organisms across all three kingdoms of life. Parasitic unicellular eukaryotes use EVs as vehicles for intercellular communication and host manipulation. Pathogenic protozoans are able to modulate the immune system of the host and establish infection by transferring a wide range of molecules contained in different types of EVs. In addition to effects on the host, EVs are able to transfer virulence factors, drug‐resistance genes and differentiation factors between parasites. In this review we cover the current knowledge on EVs from anaerobic or microaerophilic extracellular protozoan parasites, including Trichomonas vaginalis, Tritrichomonas foetus, Giardia intestinalis and Entamoeba histolytica, with a focus on their potential role in the process of infection. The role of EVs in host: parasite communication adds a new level of complexity to our understanding of parasite biology, and may be a key to understand the complexity behind their mechanism of pathogenesis.

中文翻译：

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厌氧原生动物寄生虫释放的细胞外囊泡：现状。

细胞外囊泡 (EV) 已成为一种普遍存在的机制，用于在所有三个生命王国的细胞和生物体之间传递信息。寄生单细胞真核生物使用 EV 作为细胞间通讯和宿主操作的载体。致病性原生动物能够通过转移包含在不同类型 EV 中的各种分子来调节宿主的免疫系统并建立感染。除了对宿主的影响外，EVs 还能够在寄生虫之间转移毒力因子、耐药基因和分化因子。在这篇综述中，我们涵盖了厌氧或微需氧细胞外原生动物寄生虫的EVs的当前知识，包括阴道毛滴虫、胎儿毛滴虫、贾第鞭毛虫和溶组织内阿米巴，重点关注它们在感染过程中的潜在作用。EVs 在宿主中的作用：寄生虫交流为我们对寄生虫生物学的理解增加了一个新的复杂度，并且可能是理解其发病机制背后复杂性的关键。