African swine fever (ASF) is a highly contagious, often fatal viral disease caused by African swine fever virus (ASFV), leading to high fever, severe hemorrhages with high lethality in domestic pigs and wild boar. In 2007, ASF was reintroduced into Europe. Since then, ASF has spread to many European and Asian countries and now becomes a major concern to the swine industry worldwide. There have been various vaccine attempts, but no commercial ASF vaccines are available so far. A key hurdle in developing a safe and efficacious ASF vaccine is the limited understanding of innate and adaptive immune responses elicited by ASFV infection. Though several promising vaccine candidates have been described, more key scientific challenges remain unsolved. Here, we provide an overview of the current knowledge in innate and adaptive immune responses elicited by ASFV infection and different kinds of vaccine candidates. Additionally, the applications and prospects of vaccine candidates are discussed. Finally, we highlight the implications of these mechanisms for rational design of ASF vaccines.

非洲猪瘟（ASF）是一种由非洲猪瘟病毒（ASFV）引起的高传染性病毒，通常是致命的病毒性疾病，导致高热，家猪和野猪的高致死率和高致死率。在2007年，ASF重新引入欧洲。从那时起，ASF已扩展到许多欧洲和亚洲国家，现在已成为全球养猪​​业的主要关注点。已经进行了各种疫苗尝试，但是到目前为止尚无商业ASF疫苗可用。开发安全有效的ASF疫苗的主要障碍是对ASFV感染引起的先天性和适应性免疫反应的了解有限。尽管已描述了几种有前途的候选疫苗，但仍未解决更多关键的科学挑战。这里，我们提供了有关ASFV感染和不同类型候选疫苗引发的先天性和适应性免疫反应的最新知识的概述。另外，讨论了候选疫苗的应用和前景。最后，我们强调了这些机制对ASF疫苗合理设计的意义。