Abstract Revised wind erosion equation (RWEQ) is widely applied to determining wind erosion and achieves reliable results. However, the spatial variability of wind erosivity and wind erosion has not been sufficiently investigated in previous studies. In this paper, RWEQ was used to determine wind erosion and its spatial variation at the landscape scale in the Xilingele grassland, which is a typical temperate grassland in North China suffering from increasing wind erosion problems. Based on field investigation and laboratory measurement, land-surface parameter data were obtained. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) wind modelling was integrated to acquire the spatial variation of wind data, which considers the influence of topography and land use. These data were used to determine the five factors of RWEQ and wind erosion modulus. Results showed that the mean wind erosion modulus was 5.33 t ha−1 yr−1, and 97.16% of the area had light or no wind erosion, which was mostly distributed in the low plains and the leeward areas. However, there were hotspots of wind erosion which were mainly distributed in the windward slopes and the summit areas. There were no significant differences among the wind erosion moduli of different land uses, but land use affected the influence of topography on wind erosion. The maximum modulus varied greatly from 0 to 259.41 t ha−1 yr−1 for different land uses, and the most severe wind erosion occurred in moderately grazed grassland (MG), followed by heavily grazed grassland (HG), arable land (AL), lightly grazed grassland (LG) and ungrazed grassland (UG). Statistical tests indicated that topography had a significant influence on wind erosion, which was not detected in previous studies due to the lack of high-resolution topography and wind data. The combination of RWEQ and CFD wind modelling suggests that future wind erosion studies should further consider the important influence of topography. To achieve sustainable development in temperate grassland, rational grazing is critical, and special attention should be paid to windward slopes and high elevation areas.

中文翻译：

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量化温带草原景观尺度的风蚀：不可忽视的地形影响

摘要 修正风蚀方程(RWEQ)被广泛应用于风蚀的确定，并取得了可靠的结果。然而，以往的研究尚未充分研究风蚀性和风蚀的空间变异性。本文采用 RWEQ 来确定西林格勒草原的风蚀及其在景观尺度上的空间变化，该草原是华北地区典型的风蚀问题日益严重的温带草原。在实地调查和实验室测量的基础上，获得了地表参数数据。结合计算流体动力学 (CFD) 风建模来获取风数据的空间变化，该数据考虑了地形和土地利用的影响。这些数据用于确定 RWEQ 和风蚀模量的五个因素。结果表明，平均风蚀模数为5.33 t ha-1 yr-1，97.16%的区域有轻度风蚀或无风蚀，主要分布在低平原和背风区。但存在风蚀热点，主要分布在迎风坡和山顶地区。不同土地利用的风蚀模量无显着差异，但土地利用影响地形对风蚀的影响。不同土地利用的最大模量在 0 到 259.41 t ha−1 yr−1 之间变化很大，风蚀最严重的发生在中度放牧草地（MG），其次是重度放牧草地（HG）、耕地（AL） 、轻度放牧草地（LG）和未放牧草地（UG）。统计检验表明，地形对风蚀有显着影响，由于缺乏高分辨率地形和风数据，这在以前的研究中没有被发现。RWEQ 和 CFD 风模拟的结合表明，未来的风蚀研究应进一步考虑地形的重要影响。温带草原要实现可持续发展，合理放牧至关重要，要特别注意迎风坡和高海拔地区。