Abstract There is a complex relationship between land-use, the environment, food production and quality. Regulatory and non-regulatory interventions, such as application of biosolids to agricultural land, are often undertaken at a field- or farm- level and the aggregated effects across farms and regions are difficult to understand, predict, and communicate to others both spatially and temporally. The aim of this paper was to introduce Waste to Land (W2L). W2L is a novel, holistic tool that combines spatial data analysis methods, multi-criteria analysis, and numerical models to detect areas for optimum biosolids application and to predict the spatial effect of applying biosolids to land. A robust framework was developed first to chart the effects of applied biosolids on the environment and, potentially, on the human food chain. Selecting cadmium as a prototype contaminant, a conceptual model was designed as the basis to define the workflow for the tool. Using the open-source, statistical language R and freely available data, the operation and outputs from the tool were demonstrated at a national scale in Scotland, UK. The results provided fresh intelligence on the ability of the Scottish Landbank to receive biosolids and on the spatial effect of landspreading biosolids, to facilitate the exchange of information between stakeholders, and to enable decision-making in a context of spreading biosolids on farmland.

中文翻译：

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废物到土地 (W2L)：一种显示和预测应用生物固体对环境的空间影响的新工具

摘要 土地利用、环境、粮食生产和质量之间有着复杂的关系。监管和非监管干预措施，例如将生物固体应用于农田，通常在田间或农场层面进行，跨农场和地区的综合影响难以在空间和时间上与他人进行理解、预测和交流. 本文的目的是介绍废物到土地（W2L）。W2L 是一种新颖的整体工具，它结合了空间数据分析方法、多标准分析和数值模型，以检测最佳生物固体应用的区域，并预测将生物固体应用于土地的空间效应。首先开发了一个强大的框架来绘制应用的生物固体对环境的影响，并可能对人类食物链产生影响。选择镉作为原型污染物，设计了一个概念模型作为定义工具工作流程的基础。使用开源的统计语言 R 和免费提供的数据，该工具的操作和输出在英国苏格兰的全国范围内进行了演示。结果提供了关于苏格兰土地银行接收生物固体的能力和土地散布生物固体的空间效应的新情报，以促进利益相关者之间的信息交流，并在农田上散布生物固体的背景下做出决策。该工具的操作和输出在英国苏格兰在全国范围内进行了演示。结果提供了关于苏格兰土地银行接收生物固体的能力和土地散布生物固体的空间效应的新情报，以促进利益相关者之间的信息交流，并在农田上散布生物固体的背景下做出决策。该工具的操作和输出在英国苏格兰在全国范围内进行了演示。结果提供了关于苏格兰土地银行接收生物固体的能力和土地散布生物固体的空间效应的新情报，以促进利益相关者之间的信息交流，并在农田上散布生物固体的背景下做出决策。