Electricity is considered a fundamental service which is highly correlated with sustainable development. Nigeria will serve as a case study that has been experiencing an energy deficit, and severely needs a strong adoption of alternative energy sources. This paper provides a detailed assessment of a grid-connected photovoltaic/wind/biogas hybrid energy system in the northern part of Nigeria using a combined Hybrid Optimization Model for Electric Renewables (HOMER), Microsoft Excel, and Ganzleitliche Bilanz (GaBi) tools. They are based on techno-economic modeling and optimization as well as comparison with the same configuration in its off-grid form. Sensitivity analysis as well as an energy efficiency assessment of the proposed grid-connected system was carried out, followed by a supplementary economic benefit assessment of a system switch over and an evaluation of the impacts of life cycle emissions. A wrap-up reliability assessment based on the utility grid status quo and policy implications was also carried out. The results of the analysis for the grid-connected system showed a 3% increase in the overall energy supply, and a 68% and 85% decrease in net present costs (NPC) and levelized costs of energy (LCOE), respectively, with avoided emissions as compared to its comparable off-grid configuration. Moreover, the energy efficiency (EE) determined for the proposed grid-connected system resulted in a massive reduction in the component sizing, energy supply, and an ultimate 88% and 81% reduction in overall NPC and LCOE, respectively. The sensitivity analysis as well as the other supplementary evaluations indicated clear impacts on the different performance measures. This approach is worthy of adoption coupled with expansions for an effective solution to the energy deficit and its sustainability in the case study country. This could be successfully provided if all the reliability concerns for the utility grid and policy measures are addressed significantly.

中文翻译：

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评估尼日利亚北部的分散式并网光伏（PV）/风/沼气混合发电系统

电力被认为是与可持续发展高度相关的基本服务。尼日利亚将作为一个案例研究，该案例一直处于能源短缺状态，并且迫切需要大力采用替代能源。本文使用组合的电力可再生能源混合优化模型（HOMER），Microsoft Excel和Ganzleitliche Bilanz（GaBi）工具，对尼日利亚北部的并网光伏/风/沼气混合能源系统进行了详细评估。它们基于技术经济模型和优化，并与离网形式的相同配置进行比较。对提议的并网系统进行了灵敏度分析和能效评估，其次是对系统转换的补充经济效益评估，以及对生命周期排放影响的评估。还基于公用电网的现状和政策含义进行了总结可靠性评估。并网系统的分析结果表明，总的能源供应量增加了3％，​​净当前成本（NPC）和平均能源成本（LCOE）分别降低了68％和85％。与可比的离网配置相比的排放量。此外，为拟议的并网系统确定的能效（EE）导致组件尺寸，能源供应大量减少，最终总NPC和LCOE分别减少了88％和81％。敏感性分析以及其他补充评估表明，对不同绩效指标的影响明显。这种方法值得采用，并应进行扩展以有效解决案例研究国家的能源短缺及其可持续性。如果对公用电网和政策措施的所有可靠性问题都得到了充分解决，则可以成功地提供这一点。