Zero-rating is a technique where internet service providers (ISPs) allow consumers to utilize a specific website without charging their internet data plan. Implementing zero-rating requires an accurate website identification method that is also efficient and reliable to be applied on live network traffic. In this paper, we examine existing website identification methods with the objective of applying zero-rating. Furthermore, we demonstrate the ineffectiveness of these methods against modern encryption protocols such as Encrypted SNI and DNS over HTTPS and therefore show that ISPs are not able to maintain the current zero-rating approaches in the forthcoming future. To address this concern, we present “Open-Knock,” a novel approach that is capable of accurately identifying a zero-rated website, thwarts free-riding attacks, and is sustainable on the increasingly encrypted web. In addition, our approach does not require plaintext protocols or preprocessed fingerprints upfront. Finally, our experimental analysis unveils that we are able to convert each IP address to the correct domain name for each website in the Tranco top 6000 websites list with an accuracy of 50.5% and therefore outperform the current state-of-the-art approaches.

中文翻译：

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敲打IP：识别HTTPS网站以零税率流量

零税率是一种技术，互联网服务提供商（ISP）允许消费者使用特定网站而无需为其互联网数据计划付费。实施零费率需要一种准确的网站识别方法，该方法也必须有效且可靠地应用于实时网络流量。在本文中，我们研究了现有的网站识别方法，旨在应用零评级。此外，我们证明了这些方法对于现代加密协议（例如，基于HTTPS的Encrypted SNI和DNS）的无效性，因此表明ISP在不久的将来无法维持当前的零利率方法。为了解决这一问题，我们提出了一种“ Open-Knock”，这是一种新颖的方法，能够准确识别零评级网站，阻止搭便车攻击，并且在日益加密的网络上具有可持续性。另外，我们的方法不需要预先的明文协议或预处理的指纹。最后，我们的实验分析表明，我们能够将Tranco排名前6000的网站列表中的每个网站的每个IP地址转换为正确的域名，其准确率达到50.5％，因此胜过了当前的最新方法。