Monitoring the health of a pregnancy is of utmost importance to both the fetus and the mother. The diagnosis of pregnancy complications typically occurs after the manifestation of symptoms, and limited preventative measures or effective treatments are available. Traditionally, pregnancy health is evaluated by analyzing maternal serum hormone levels, genetic testing, ultrasonographic imaging, and monitoring maternal symptoms. However, researchers have reported a difference in extracellular vesicle (EV) quantity and cargo between healthy and at-risk pregnancies. Thus, placental EVs (PEVs) may help to understand normal and aberrant placental development, monitor pregnancy health in terms of developing placental pathologies, and assess the impact of environmental influences, such as infection, on pregnancy. The diagnostic potential of PEVs could allow for earlier detection of pregnancy complications via noninvasive sampling and frequent monitoring. Understanding how PEVs serve as a means of communication with maternal cells and recognizing their potential utility as a readout of placental health have sparked a growing interest in basic and translational research. However, to date, PEV research with animal models lags behind human studies. The strength of animal pregnancy models is that they can be used to assess placental pathologies in conjunction with isolation of PEVs from fluid samples at different time points throughout gestation. Assessing PEV cargo in animals within normal and complicated pregnancies will accelerate the translation of PEV analysis into the clinic for potential use in prognostics. We propose that appropriate animal models of human pregnancy complications must be established in the PEV field.

中文翻译：

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胎盘细胞外囊泡的前景：诊断子宫内胎盘功能障碍的模型和挑战。

监测妊娠健康对于胎儿和母亲都至关重要。妊娠并发症的诊断通常是在症状出现后进行的，并且可用的预防措施或有效的治疗方法有限。传统上，通过分析母体血清激素水平、基因检测、超声成像和监测母体症状来评估妊娠健康。然而，研究人员报告称，健康妊娠和高危妊娠之间的细胞外囊泡（EV）数量和含量存在差异。因此，胎盘 EV（PEV）可能有助于了解正常和异常的胎盘发育，根据胎盘病理的发展监测妊娠健康，并评估环境影响（例如感染）对妊娠的影响。PEV 的诊断潜力可以通过无创采样和频繁监测来及早发现妊娠并发症。了解 PEV 如何作为与母体细胞沟通的手段，并认识到它们作为胎盘健康读数的潜在用途，引发了人们对基础和转化研究日益增长的兴趣。然而，迄今为止，动物模型的 PEV 研究落后于人体研究。动物妊娠模型的优点在于，它们可用于评估胎盘病理学，并结合从妊娠不同时间点的液体样本中分离 PEV。评估正常和复杂妊娠期间动物的 PEV 货物将加速将 PEV 分析转化为临床，以用于预测。我们建议必须在 PEV 领域建立适当的人类妊娠并发症动物模型。