ABSTRACT

Many studies over the past 50 years have sought to identify environmental factors influencing breeding duck abundance and distribution in northern North America. Because results are currently scattered within the scientific literature, a summary of established duck-habitat associations would help to orientate future modelling research. Our goal was to review the published research testing for duck-habitat associations in northern North America. We reviewed 124 studies, summarizing their geographical coverage and species representation, and then analyzing the duck-habitat associations they tested. We identified 533 associations on 133 covariates falling into 16 environmental classes. Covariates of the ‘wetland’ classes were the most frequently associated with ducks; among these, ‘wetland area’ and ‘wetland density’ were the most common. ‘Climate’ covariates were the second most common associations, suggesting the potential for projecting the effects of climate change on ducks. The best-documented anthropogenic class was ‘agriculture’, for which associations with ducks were mostly negative. However, relatively few studies tested for associations with covariates for anthropogenic disturbances, which suggests that more research is needed to support forecasts of duck distribution under future human activity. This review and the accompanying database of duck-habitat associations will support future modelling studies by facilitating the selection of suitable habitat covariates.

抽象的

在过去的50年中，许多研究试图确定影响北美北部繁殖鸭数量和分布的环境因素。由于目前的结果散布在科学文献中，因此，已建立的鸭栖息地协会的摘要将有助于确定未来的模型研究方向。我们的目标是对北美北部鸭栖类协会的已发表研究测试进行回顾。我们回顾了124项研究，总结了它们的地理覆盖范围和物种表示，然后分析了他们测试的鸭子-栖息地协会。我们在属于16个环境类别的133个协变量中确定了533个关联。“湿地”类别的协变量最常与鸭子相关。其中，“湿地面积”和“湿地密度”最为常见。“气候”协变量是第二最常见的关联，这表明预测气候变化对鸭的影响的潜力。记录最充分的人为类别是“农业”，与鸭子的关联大多是负面的。然而，相对较少的研究测试了与人为干扰的协变量的关联，这表明需要更多的研究来支持未来人类活动下鸭的分布预测。这篇评论以及随附的鸭－栖息地协会数据库将通过便利选择合适的栖息地协变量来支持未来的模型研究。对于鸭子的联想大多是负面的。然而，相对较少的研究测试了与人为干扰的协变量的关联，这表明需要更多的研究来支持未来人类活动下鸭的分布预测。这篇评论以及随附的鸭－栖息地协会数据库将通过便利选择合适的栖息地协变量来支持未来的模型研究。对于鸭子的联想大多是负面的。然而，相对较少的研究测试了与人为干扰的协变量的关联，这表明需要更多的研究来支持未来人类活动下鸭的分布预测。这篇评论以及随附的鸭－栖息地协会数据库将通过便利选择合适的栖息地协变量来支持未来的模型研究。