Abstract In the last 25 years a new generation of X-ray satellites imparted a significant leap forward in our knowledge of X-ray pulsars. The discovery of accreting and transitional millisecond pulsars proved that disk accretion can spin up a neutron star to a very high rotation speed. The detection of MeV-GeV pulsed emission from a few hundreds of rotation-powered pulsars probed particle acceleration in the outer magnetosphere, or even beyond. Also, a population of two dozens of magnetars has emerged. INTEGRAL played a central role to achieve these results by providing instruments with high temporal resolution up to the hard X-ray/soft, gamma-ray band and a large field of view imager with good angular resolution to spot hard X-ray transients. In this article we review the main contributions by INTEGRAL to our understanding of the pulsating hard X-ray sky, such as the discovery and characterization of several accreting and transitional millisecond pulsars, the generation of the first catalog of hard X-ray/soft γ-ray rotation-powered pulsars, the detection of polarization in the hard X-ray emission from the Crab pulsar, and the discovery of persistent hard X-ray emission from several magnetars.

中文翻译：

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脉动硬 X 射线天空的整体视图：从吸积和过渡毫秒脉冲星到旋转动力脉冲星和磁星

摘要 在过去的 25 年中，新一代 X 射线卫星使我们对 X 射线脉冲星的认识有了重大飞跃。吸积和过渡毫秒脉冲星的发现证明，吸积盘可以将中子星旋转到非常高的转速。对数百个旋转动力脉冲星的 MeV-GeV 脉冲发射的探测探测到了外磁层甚至更远的粒子加速。此外，还出现了两个几十个磁星。INTEGRAL 通过提供具有高达硬 X 射线/软伽马射线波段的高时间分辨率的仪器和具有良好角分辨率的大视场成像仪来发现硬 X 射线瞬变，从而在实现这些结果方面发挥了核心作用。