Biodiesel is a possible remedy to the present toxic, finite sources and ever-diminishing crude fuels. Nonedible and locally available (Azadirachta indica) neem seed oil (NSO) as a second-generation feedstock was transformed into biodiesel using calcined banana ash (CBA) derived from banana peels blended with lithium calcium oxide iron (III) sulphate Li-CaO/Fe₂ (SO₄)₃ catalyzed transesterification. Transesterification process was employed to minimize the free fatty acid (FFA) content of NSO to afford 99.8% yield under the condition of the reaction oil/methanol ratio 8 : 1, followed by addition of 1.7%wt calcined banana peels ash and 1.3%wt Li-CaO/Fe₂(SO₄)₃ catalysts in 53 min, a notable time. It is important to note that the physicochemical properties of biodiesel in this study such as initial boiling points, flash point, pour point, cloud point, density, kinematic viscosity, final boiling points, and cetane index met ASTM D-6751 and EN 14214 standards. Decomposition profile of CBA was displayed by thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), whereas in-depth analysis by scanning electron microscope (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray fluorescence (X-RF), and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) revealed that the high efficiency displayed by a catalyst from banana ash calcined at 650°C was due to the presence of potassium carbonate (K₂CO₃), a calcium magnesium silicate (CaMgSiO₄), and potassium sodium sulphate (KNaSO₄) contents that accounted for the high basicity of up to 11.09. Additionally, the nitrogen adsorption/desorption studies revealed that CBA interestingly exhibits a high BET surface area of 411.2 m²/g and promising mesopores (3.014 nm). The catalyst also displayed better recyclability evidenced by the fact that it was able to be reused after five successive runs with better recyclability of 75%. Based on the aforementioned properties, this work, therefore, opens an avenue for developing a supreme heterogeneous catalyst from available banana peels ash.

中文翻译：

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使用负载有金属氧化物（Li-CaO / Fe2（SO4）3）的香蕉果皮灰制成的催化剂从印em籽油快速生产生物柴油

生物柴油可能是对目前有毒，有限来源和日益减少的粗燃料的一种补救措施。非食用和本地可用（印楝）印度楝种子油（NSO），为第二代原料使用来自香蕉皮衍生煅烧香蕉灰（CBA）转化为生物柴油掺合氧化锂钙铁（III）硫酸盐锂的CaO / Fe的₂（SO ₄）₃催化的酯交换反应。在反应油/甲醇比为8：1的条件下，采用酯交换法使NSO的游离脂肪酸（FFA）含量最小化，以提供99.8％的产率，然后加入1.7％wt的煅烧香蕉皮灰和1.3％wt Li-CaO / Fe ₂（SO ₄）₃催化剂在53分钟内（值得注意的时间）。重要的是要注意，本研究中生物柴油的理化性质，例如初始沸点，闪点，倾点，浊点，密度，运动粘度，最终沸点和十六烷指数均符合ASTM D-6751和EN 14214标准。通过热重分析（TGA）显示了CBA的分解曲线，而通过扫描电子显微镜（SEM），X射线衍射（XRD），X射线荧光（X-RF）和傅立叶变换红外进行了深入分析光谱（FT-IR）显示，在650°C下煅烧的香蕉灰中催化剂显示的高效率是由于存在碳酸钾（K ₂ CO ₃），硅酸钙镁（CaMgSiO ₄）和硫酸钠钾（KNaSO ₄）的含量占了11.09的高碱度。另外，氮吸附/解吸研究表明，CBA有趣地表现出411.2 m ² / g的高BET表面积和有希望的中孔（3.014 nm）。该催化剂还显示出更好的可回收性，这一事实证明了它能够在连续运行五次后以75％的更好可回收性进行再利用。因此，基于上述性质，这项工作为从可用香蕉皮灰中开发出最高均相催化剂开辟了道路。