The alien cynipid wasp Dryocosmus kuriphilus Yasumatsu, 1951 is a serious pest of chestnuts (Castanea spp.) in Japan, North America and Europe, causing fruit losses while inducing galls in buds. While D. kuriphilus galls have a recognizable and roughly invariable globular shape, their size varies, reaching up to 4 cm in diameter. Among other factors, such variation may depend on different climatic conditions in different attacked areas. Here, we sampled and measured 375 D. kuriphilus galls from 25 localities throughout the Iberian Peninsula, including both cold and rainy northern (Eurosiberian) areas and warm and dry central-southern (Mediterranean) areas, to test the effects of climate and geographical location on gall morphology. The analyses indicate that gall mass and volume follow a pattern that can be associated with a climatic cline. In particular, the Eurosiberian galls were smaller than the Mediterranean galls according to differences in climatic conditions. In the southern areas, the greater insolation regime does not allow the chestnut trees to be distributed at lower altitudes, but the high rainfall and humidity regime of the mountain enclaves allow their presence. These conditions of insolation and precipitation seem to influence the morphological characteristics of the galls of D. kuriphilus.

中文翻译：

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气候可能是西班牙入侵地区栗树害虫 Dryocosmus kuriphilus 瘿形态的驱动因素

外星cynipid黄蜂苦芋Yasumatsu，1951年是一种严重的栗子害虫（板栗spp.) 在日本、北美和欧洲，导致果实损失，同时在芽中诱发虫瘿。尽管D. kuriphilus瘿具有可识别且大致不变的球状形状，它们的大小各不相同，直径可达4厘米。除其他因素外，这种变化可能取决于不同受灾地区的不同气候条件。在这里，我们采样并测量了 375D. kuriphilus来自整个伊比利亚半岛的 25 个地区的虫瘿，包括寒冷多雨的北部（欧洲西伯利亚）地区和温暖干燥的中南部（地中海）地区，以测试气候和地理位置对虫瘿形态的影响。分析表明，胆量和体积遵循与气候变化相关的模式。特别是，根据气候条件的差异，欧洲西伯利亚的瘿比地中海的瘿要小。在南部地区，较大的日照制度不允许板栗树分布在较低的海拔高度，但山区飞地的高降雨量和高湿度条件允许它们存在。这些日照和降水条件似乎影响了瘿瘿的形态特征。D. kuriphilus.