Drug repositioning is an approach that could accelerate the clinical use of compounds in different diseases. The goal is to take advantage of the fact that approved drugs have been tested on humans and detailed information is available on their pharmacology, toxicity and formulation. It can significantly reduce the costs and time needed to implement necessary therapies on the market. In recent years, phenothiazines are being tested for cancer, viral, bacterial, fungal and other diseases. Most research focuses on chlorpromazine as a model drug in this class, but other drugs such as fluphenazine, perphenazine and prochlorperazine have been proven to inhibit the viability of different cancer cell lines. In this study, we performed an extensive literature search to find and summarize all papers on the chosen phenothiazines and their potential in treating different types of cancerin vitro for further animal/clinical trials. Fluphenazine, perphenazine and prochlorperazine possess anticancer activity towards different types of human cancer. The antitumor activity is mainly mediated by an effect of the drugs on the cell cycle, proliferation or apoptosis. Possible molecular targets of phenothiazine derivatives are the drug's efflux pumps (ABCB1 and P‐glycoprotein) and two parallel pathways (AKT and Wnt) regulated by the D₂ receptor antagonists. The drugs have the potential to reduce the viability of human cancer cell lines, fragment the DNA, stimulate apoptosis, inhibit cell migration and invasiveness as well as impair the production of reactive oxygen species. In addition, due to the sedative and antiemetic properties antipsychotics can be used as an adjuvant for the treatment of chemotherapy side effects.

中文翻译：

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氟奋乃静、奋乃静和丙氯拉嗪的体外抗癌活性。回顾。

药物重新定位是一种可以加速化合物在不同疾病中的临床应用的方法。目标是利用已批准的药物已在人体上进行测试并且可以获得有关其药理学、毒性和配方的详细信息这一事实。它可以显着降低在市场上实施必要疗法所需的成本和时间。近年来，人们正在对吩噻嗪进行癌症、病毒、细菌、真菌和其他疾病的测试。大多数研究都将氯丙嗪作为此类中的模型药物，但其他药物如氟奋乃静、奋乃静和丙氯拉嗪已被证明可以抑制不同癌细胞系的活力。在这项研究中，体外用于进一步的动物/临床试验。氟奋乃静、奋乃静和丙氯拉嗪对不同类型的人类癌症具有抗癌活性。抗肿瘤活性主要是由药物对细胞周期、增殖或凋亡的作用介导的。吩噻嗪衍生物的可能分子靶标是药物的外排泵（ABCB1 和 P-糖蛋白）和由 D ₂调节的两条平行通路（AKT 和 Wnt）受体拮抗剂。这些药物有可能降低人类癌细胞系的活力、使 DNA 片段化、刺激细胞凋亡、抑制细胞迁移和侵袭以及削弱活性氧的产生。此外，由于具有镇静和止吐特性，抗精神病药可用作治疗化疗副作用的辅助剂。