Despite the tremendous progress in breeding, novel and user-friendly techniques of plant improvement are desirable. The study aimed to analyze the usefulness of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) in the breeding of chrysanthemum: one of the top ornamental plant species. In vitro regeneration of adventitious shoots from internodes of chrysanthemum ‘Lilac Wonder’ was induced on the modified Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with 0.6 mg L⁻¹ 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP), 2 mg L⁻¹ indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and AgNPs at 0, 5, 10 and 20 ppm concentration. The efficiency of callogenesis and caulogenesis were analyzed after 10 weeks of culture. The concentration of chlorophylls, carotenoids, and phenolic compounds in shoots and calli were estimated. Plants obtained from 20 ppm AgNPs treatment were additionally analyzed on the genetic level using randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) and inter simple sequence repeats (ISSR) markers. In vitro rooted shoots were acclimatized in the glasshouse and subjected to biochemical and phenotype stability evaluation. AgNPs at the highest concentration (20 ppm) suppressed both callogenesis and caulogenesis in vitro. The concentration of metabolites in callus was stable, regardless of AgNPs treatment, except for carotenoids which production was enhanced by 20 ppm AgNPs. In contrast, the content of chlorophyll a and b in shoots varied depending on AgNPs treatment. Polymorphic loci were detected in 12 and 9 AgNPs-treated-plants by RAPD and ISSR markers, respectively (one of which was common to both marker systems). Rooting and acclimatization were fully successful in all experimental combinations. Phenotype alternations were detected in six plants; one from 10 ppm AgNPs treatment and five from 20 ppm treatment. They included variation in pigment content (anthocyanins and carotenoids) and/or inflorescence shape. Interestingly, only two plants revealed both genetic and phenotype polymorphisms. No genetic or phenotype variation was detected in the control plants. In conclusion, AgNPs can be used in chrysanthemum breeding.

尽管育种方面取得了巨大进步，但是人们仍希望有新颖且用户友好的植物改良技术。该研究旨在分析银纳米颗粒（AgNPs）在菊花育种中的有用性：菊花是顶级观赏植物之一。在修饰的Murashige和Skoog（MS）培养基中补充0.6 mg L ^-1 6-苄氨基嘌呤（BAP），2 mg L ^-1的菊花，诱导'Lilac Wonder'节点间不定芽的再生浓度分别为0、5、10和20 ppm的吲哚-3-乙酸（IAA）和AgNP。培养10周后分析call发生和致癌的效率。估计芽和愈伤组织中叶绿素，类胡萝卜素和酚类化合物的浓度。使用随机扩增的多态性DNA（RAPD）和内部简单序列重复（ISSR）标记在遗传水平上进一步分析了从20 ppm AgNPs处理获得的植物。使温室中的生根芽适应环境，并进行生化和表型稳定性评估。最高浓度（20 ppm）的AgNPs在体外抑制骨call发生和致死作用。不管用AgNPs处理如何，愈伤组织中代谢物的浓度都是稳定的，除了类胡萝卜素的产量增加了20 ppm AgNPs。相反，芽中的a和b取决于AgNPs处理。通过RAPD和ISSR标记分别在12个和9个AgNPs处理的植物中检测到多态位点（其中一个是两个标记系统共有的）。生根和适应在所有实验组合中均完全成功。在六种植物中检测到表型改变；一种来自10 ppm AgNPs处理，另一种来自20 ppm处理。它们包括色素含量（花青素和类胡萝卜素）和/或花序形状的变化。有趣的是，只有两种植物同时显示出遗传和表型多态性。在对照植物中未检测到遗传或表型变异。总之，AgNPs可用于菊花育种。