There is a long tradition of thinking of thermodynamics, not as a theory of fundamental physics (or even a candidate theory of fundamental physics), but as a theory of how manipulations of a physical system may be used to obtain desired effects, such as mechanical work. On this view, the basic concepts of thermodynamics, heat and work, and with them, the concept of entropy, are relative to a class of envisaged manipulations. This article is a sketch and defense of a science of manipulations and their effects on physical systems. I call this science thermo-dynamics (with hyphen), or $${\Theta \Delta }^{\text{cs}}$$ , for short, to highlight that it may be different from the science of thermodynamics, as the reader conceives it. An upshot of the discussion is a clarification of the roles of the Gibbs and von Neumann entropies. Light is also shed on the use of coarse-grained entropies.

中文翻译：

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$${\Theta \Delta }^{\text{cs}}$$ 的科学

热力学的思考有着悠久的传统，而不是作为基础物理学的理论（甚至是基础物理学的候选理论），而是作为如何使用物理系统的操纵来获得预期效果的理论，例如机械工作。根据这种观点，热力学、热和功的基本概念以及熵的概念与一类设想的操作有关。这篇文章是对操纵科学及其对物理系统的影响的概述和辩护。我把这门科学称为热力学（带连字符），或简称 $${\Theta \Delta }^{\text{cs}}$$ ，以强调它可能与热力学科学不同，因为读者想到了。讨论的结果是澄清了吉布斯和冯诺依曼熵的作用。