Abstract

Epilepsy is a heterogeneous disorder that is not limited to experiencing seizures but also includes multiple neuropsychiatric squeal (i.e. attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), depression and anxiety) that adversely impact a child quality of life. However, the underlying mechanism linking both disorders is not yet thoroughly explored. Our objective was to assess pro-inflammatory cytokines levels in children with seizure controlled epilepsy and explore the association between pro-inflammatory cytokines and the co-occurrence of ADHD in such children. A cross-sectional study included 50 children with controlled epilepsy for at least one year, in addition to 30 neurotypical children as controls. All children were assessed by the Conner parent scale for ADHD. Serum interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) levels were measured and correlated to clinical data. In the present study, 23 out of 50 children with epilepsy also had ADHD (46%). Children with ADHD have been found to have a significantly lower age of onset, longer duration of epilepsy, and a higher serum level of IL-6 and TNF-α than those without ADHD. The Conner's parent rating scale overall total score yielded significant negative correlations with the age of onset of epilepsy and a significant positive correlation with the duration of epilepsy and pro-inflammatory cytokine levels. In addition to active seizures, the presence of elevated circulating inflammation markers may be associated with increased frequency of ADHD in children with epilepsy aged 6-14 years.

摘要

癫痫是一种异质性疾病，不仅限于经历癫痫发作，还包括对儿童生活质量产生不利影响的多种神经精神尖叫（即注意力缺陷/多动障碍（ADHD）、抑郁和焦虑）。然而，尚未彻底探索将这两种疾病联系起来的潜在机制。我们的目标是评估癫痫控制癫痫儿童的促炎细胞因子水平，并探讨促炎细胞因子与此类儿童同时发生 ADHD 之间的关联。一项横断面研究包括 50 名癫痫控制至少一年的儿童，此外还有 30 名神经型儿童作为对照。所有儿童均由康纳父母量表评估多动症。测量了血清白细胞介素 6 (IL-6) 和肿瘤坏死因子-α (TNF-α) 水平并将其与临床数据相关联。在本研究中，50 名癫痫儿童中有 23 名患有多动症（46%）。与没有 ADHD 的儿童相比，患有 ADHD 的儿童的发病年龄显着降低，癫痫病程更长，血清 IL-6 和 TNF-α 水平更高。Conner 的父母评定量表总分与癫痫发病年龄呈显着负相关，与癫痫病程和促炎细胞因子水平呈显着正相关。除了活动性癫痫发作外，循环炎症标志物升高可能与 6-14 岁癫痫儿童的 ADHD 频率增加有关。50 名癫痫儿童中有 23 名患有多动症（46%）。与没有 ADHD 的儿童相比，患有 ADHD 的儿童的发病年龄显着降低，癫痫病程更长，血清 IL-6 和 TNF-α 水平更高。Conner 的父母评定量表总分与癫痫发病年龄呈显着负相关，与癫痫病程和促炎细胞因子水平呈显着正相关。除了活动性癫痫发作外，循环炎症标志物升高可能与 6-14 岁癫痫儿童的 ADHD 频率增加有关。50 名癫痫儿童中有 23 名患有多动症（46%）。与没有 ADHD 的儿童相比，患有 ADHD 的儿童的发病年龄显着降低，癫痫病程更长，血清 IL-6 和 TNF-α 水平更高。Conner 的父母评定量表总分与癫痫发病年龄呈显着负相关，与癫痫病程和促炎细胞因子水平呈显着正相关。除了活动性癫痫发作外，循环炎症标志物升高可能与 6-14 岁癫痫儿童的 ADHD 频率增加有关。血清IL-6和TNF-α水平高于无ADHD者。Conner 的父母评定量表总分与癫痫发病年龄呈显着负相关，与癫痫病程和促炎细胞因子水平呈显着正相关。除了活动性癫痫发作外，循环炎症标志物升高可能与 6-14 岁癫痫儿童的 ADHD 频率增加有关。血清IL-6和TNF-α水平高于无ADHD者。Conner 的父母评定量表总分与癫痫发病年龄呈显着负相关，与癫痫病程和促炎细胞因子水平呈显着正相关。除了活动性癫痫发作外，循环炎症标志物升高可能与 6-14 岁癫痫儿童的 ADHD 频率增加有关。