ABSTRACT

Introduction

Cancer immunotherapy is more dependent on monoclonal antibodies, proteins, and cells, as therapeutic agents, to attain prominent outcomes. However, cancer immunotherapy’s clinical benefits need to be enhanced, as many patients still do not respond well to existing treatments, or their diseases may relapse after temporary control. RNA-based approaches have provided new options for advancing cancer immunotherapy. Moreover, considerable efforts have been made to utilize RNA for vaccine production. RNA vaccines, which encode tumor-associated or specific epitopes, stimulate adaptive immunity. This adaptive immune response is capable of elimination or reduction of tumor burden. It is crucial to develop effective RNA transfer technologies that penetrate the lipid bilayer to reach the cytoplasm for translation into functional proteins. Two important delivery methods include the loading of mRNA into dendritic cells ex vivo; and direct injection of naked RNA with or without a carrier.

Areas covered

The latest results of pre-clinical and clinical studies with RNA vaccines in cancer immunotherapy are summarized in this review.

Expert opinion

RNA vaccines are now in early clinical development with promising safety and efficacy outcomes. Also, the translation capacity and durability of these vaccines can be increased with chemical modifications and sequence engineering.

中文翻译：

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基于RNA的疫苗在癌症免疫治疗中的最新进展

摘要

介绍

癌症免疫疗法更多地依赖单克隆抗体、蛋白质和细胞作为治疗剂，以获得显着的效果。然而，癌症免疫疗法的临床获益有待提升，因为许多患者对现有治疗的反应仍然不佳，或者他们的疾病在暂时控制后可能会复发。基于 RNA 的方法为推进癌症免疫治疗提供了新的选择。此外，已经做出了相当大的努力来利用 RNA 来生产疫苗。编码肿瘤相关或特定表位的 RNA 疫苗可刺激适应性免疫。这种适应性免疫反应能够消除或减少肿瘤负荷。开发有效的 RNA 转移技术至关重要，这些技术能够穿透脂质双层到达细胞质以翻译成功能性蛋白质。两种重要的递送方法包括将 mRNA 体外加载到树突细胞中；和直接注射裸RNA，有或没有载体。

覆盖区域

本综述总结了 RNA 疫苗在癌症免疫治疗中的临床前和临床研究的最新结果。

专家意见

RNA 疫苗现在处于早期临床开发阶段，具有良好的安全性和有效性结果。此外，这些疫苗的翻译能力和耐久性可以通过化学修饰和序列工程来提高。