Highway–rail grade crossings (HRGCs) are one of the most dangerous segments of the transportation network. Every year numerous accidents are recorded at HRGCs between highway users and trains, between highway users and traffic control devices, and solely between highway users. These accidents cause fatalities, severe injuries, property damage, and release of hazardous materials. Researchers and state Departments of Transportation (DOTs) have addressed safety concerns at HRGCs in the USA by investigating the factors that may cause accidents at HRGCs and developed certain accident and hazard prediction models to forecast the occurrence of accidents and crossing vulnerability. The accident and hazard prediction models are used to identify the most hazardous HRGCs that require safety improvements. This study provides an extensive review of the state-of-the-practice to identify the existing accident and hazard prediction formulae that have been used over the years by different state DOTs. Furthermore, this study analyzes the common factors that have been considered in the existing accident and hazard prediction formulae. The reported performance and implementation challenges of the identified accident and hazard prediction formulae are discussed in this study as well. Based on the review results, the US DOT Accident Prediction Formula was found to be the most commonly used formula due to its accuracy in predicting the number of accidents at HRGCs. However, certain states still prefer customized models due to some practical considerations. Data availability and data accuracy were identified as some of the key model implementation challenges in many states across the country.

公路铁路平交道口（HRGC）是交通网络中最危险的部分之一。每年，HRGC都会记录高速公路使用者和火车之间，高速公路使用者和交通控制设备之间以及仅高速公路使用者之间发生的大量事故。这些事故会导致死亡，重伤，财产损失和危险材料泄漏。研究人员和州交通运输部（DOT）通过调查可能导致HRGC发生事故的因素并解决了美国HRGC的安全问题，并开发了某些事故和危害预测模型来预测事故的发生和穿越脆弱性。事故和危害预测模型用于识别需要改进安全性的最危险的HRGC。这项研究对实践状态进行了广泛的回顾，以查明不同国家DOT多年来使用的现有事故和危害预测公式。此外，本研究分析了现有事故和危害预测公式中已考虑的共同因素。本研究还讨论了已识别的事故和危害预测公式所报告的性能和实施挑战。根据审查结果，发现美国DOT事故预测公式是最常用的公式，因为它可以准确预测HRGC的事故数量。但是，出于某些实际考虑，某些州仍偏爱定制模型。