Gliomas are the most common central nervous system malignancies and present with significant morbidity and mortality. Treatment modalities are currently limited to surgical resection, chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Increases in survival rate over the previous decades are negligible, further pinpointing an unmet clinical need in this field. There is a continual struggle with the development of effective glioma diagnostics and therapeutics, largely due to a multitude of factors, including the presence of the blood–brain barrier and significant intertumoural and intratumoural heterogeneity. Importantly, there is a lack of reliable biomarkers for glioma, particularly in aiding tumour subtyping and measuring response to therapy. There is a need for biomarkers that would both overcome the complexity of the disease and allow for a minimally invasive means of detection and analysis. This is a comprehensive review evaluating the potential of current cellular, proteomic and molecular biomarker candidates for glioma. Significant hurdles faced in glioma diagnostics and therapy are also discussed here.

中文翻译：

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胶质瘤诊断，治疗和预后方面的潜在生物标志物和挑战

神经胶质瘤是最常见的中枢神经系统恶性肿瘤，并具有很高的发病率和死亡率。目前，治疗方式仅限于手术切除，化学疗法和放射疗法。在过去的几十年中，存活率的增加可以忽略不计，这进一步指出了该领域尚未满足的临床需求。有效的神经胶质瘤诊断和治疗方法的开发一直在持续努力，这主要是由于多种因素，包括血脑屏障的存在以及明显的肿瘤间和肿瘤内异质性。重要的是，缺乏可靠的胶质瘤生物标记物，特别是在辅助肿瘤分型和测量对治疗的反应方面。需要既能克服疾病的复杂性又能以最小侵入性手段进行检测和分析的生物标记物。这是一份全面的综述，评估了目前胶质瘤的细胞，蛋白质组学和分子生物标志物候选物的潜力。此处还讨论了神经胶质瘤诊断和治疗中面临的重大障碍。