ABSTRACT

The application of hybrid nanoparticles rather than nanoparticles is one of the greatest critical tasks for enhancing heat transfer. Therefore, the purpose of this article is to analyze the flow and heat transfer resulting from an exponentially decreased sheet of hybrid nanoparticles. The magnetite (Fe₃O₄) and copper (Cu) nanoparticle are suspended in ethylene glycol (EG) to form Fe₃O₄–Cu/EG hybrid nanofluid. The PDEs governing equations of the issue have been solved after conversion to ODEs by using suitable similarity transformations. The resultant system is then solved numerically by the aid of Runge–Kutta–Fehlberg method (RKF45) with the shooting technique. The most important results of this study are the effect of different variable parameters such as permeability of porous media, the stretching/shrinking parameter, heat generation/absorption effect, slip, and nanoparticle volume fraction on the velocity, temperature profiles, skin friction coefficient, and local Nusselt number. Furthermore, the impacts of radiation, magnetohydrodynamic (MHD), suction/injection parameter, and Prandtl number are also taken into consideration. The influence of important physical parameters is discussed through graphs and tables. It is found that the increase of Fe₃O₄ nanoparticle concentration enhances the heat transfer rate of the hybrid nanofluid in a shrinkable case, the opposite happens in a stretchable state.

摘要

混合纳米粒子而不是纳米粒子的应用是增强传热的最关键任务之一。因此，本文的目的是分析由指数减少的混合纳米颗粒片层引起的流动和传热。磁铁矿 (Fe ₃ O ₄ ) 和铜 (Cu) 纳米颗粒悬浮在乙二醇 (EG) 中形成 Fe ₃ O ₄–Cu/EG 杂化纳米流体。该问题的 PDE 控制方程已通过使用适当的相似变换转换为 ODE 后得到求解。然后借助 Runge-Kutta-Fehlberg 方法 (RKF45) 和射击技术对所得系统进行数值求解。本研究最重要的结果是不同变量参数的影响，例如多孔介质的渗透性、拉伸/收缩参数、产热/吸收效应、滑移和纳米颗粒体积分数对速度、温度分布、皮肤摩擦系数、和当地的努塞尔编号。此外，还考虑了辐射、磁流体动力学 (MHD)、吸入/注入参数和普朗特数的影响。通过图表讨论重要物理参数的影响。₃ O ₄纳米粒子浓度提高了混合纳米流体在可收缩情况下的传热率，而在可拉伸状态下则相反。