This study assessed the use of emulsion‐produced propolis nanoparticles for treating carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)‐induced liver fibrosis and nephropathy on albino rat model. The evaluation of hepatotoxicity, nephrotoxicity, and the treatment outcomes involved biochemical investigations of blood samples as well as molecular analysis, and histopathological assessment for liver and kidney tissue samples. CCl4 treatment caused elevated biochemical indicators of hepatotoxic and nephrotoxic effects as detected by liver and kidney functions tests, which improved gradually with propolis nanoparticles treatment. The molecular studies showed an increase in transforming growth factor β (TGF‐β), Nephrin, and Caspase‐9, while Bcl‐2 levels dropped in both liver and kidney tissue samples; such changes were normalized after treatment. The histological findings confirm both biochemical and molecular studies. Our results indicated that propolis nanoparticles had an anti‐inflammatory effect as proved by decreased expression of TGF‐β in liver tissue and Nephrin in kidney tissue. The propolis nanoparticles showed an anti‐apoptotic effect on liver and kidney tissue increasing the expression of Bcl‐2 and decreasing the expression of Caspase‐9.

中文翻译：

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蜂胶纳米颗粒调节四氯化碳诱导的大鼠肝纤维化和肾病的炎症和凋亡途径

本研究评估了乳液生产的蜂胶纳米颗粒在白化大鼠模型上治疗四氯化碳 (CCl4) 诱导的肝纤维化和肾病的用途。肝毒性、肾毒性和治疗结果的评估涉及血液样本的生化研究以及肝肾组织样本的分子分析和组织病理学评估。通过肝肾功能检查发现，CCl4 治疗导致肝毒性和肾毒性作用的生化指标升高，而随着蜂胶纳米颗粒治疗，这种情况逐渐改善。分子研究表明，肝脏和肾脏组织样本中转化生长因子 β (TGF-β)、Nephrin 和 Caspase-9 的水平有所增加，而 Bcl-2 的水平则有所下降；这些变化在治疗后恢复正常。组织学结果证实了生化和分子研究。我们的结果表明，蜂胶纳米颗粒具有抗炎作用，肝组织中 TGF-β 和肾组织中 Nephrin 表达降低证明了这一点。蜂胶纳米颗粒对肝肾组织具有抗凋亡作用，可增加 Bcl-2 的表达并降低 Caspase-9 的表达。